International Shipping

Arctic Council. (2024). The changing tides of Arctic shipping: How new fuels impact the Arctic. Arctic Council. https://arctic-council.org/news/changing-tides-of-arctic-shipping-how-new-fuels-impact-the-arctic/

Baresic, D., Palmer, K., Smith, T., Rehmatulla, N., Taylor, J., Saucedo, A., Kapur, D. A., Bonello, J.-M., Shaw, A., & Perico, C. (2022). Climate action in shipping: Progress towards Shipping’s 2030 Breakthrough. Getting to Zero Coalition. www.lr.org

Bureau Veritas. (2021). Understanding New IMO Decarbonisation Measures: EEXI and CII. https://www.bvsolutions-m-o.com/magazine/understanding-new-imo-decarbonization-measures-eexi-and-cii

Cathleen Kelly & Jasia Smith. (2025, April 2). The Trump Administration’s Cancellation of Funding for Environmental Protections Endangers Americans’ Health While Draining Their Wallets [Epa]. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-trump-administrations-cancellation-of-funding-for-environmental-protections-endangers-americans-health-while-draining-their-wallets/

Climate Analytics. (2023). 2030 targets aligned to 1.5°C Evidence from the latest global pathways. www.climateanalytics.org

CMA CGM. (2025). CMA CGM heading towards a carbon-free transport and logistics industry. https://www.cmacgm-group.com/en/net-zero-2050

Comer, B., & Sathiamoorthy, B. (2022). How updating IMO regulations can promote lower greenhouse gas emissions from ships. www.theicct.org

DNV. (2022). Maritime Forecast 2050.

DNV. (2023, January 17). EEXI and CII requirements taking effect from 1 January 2023. DNV. https://www.dnv.com/news/2023/eexi-and-cii-requirements-taking-effect-from-1-january-2023-237817/

DNV. (2024). Maritime Forecast to 2050: Energy Transition Outlook 2024. https://www.dnv.com/maritime/maritime-forecast/

Doll, S. (2024, May 2). A fully-electric 10,000 ton container ship has begun service equipped with over 50,000 kWh in batteries. Electrek. https://electrek.co/2024/05/02/fully-electric-10000-ton-container-ship-begun-service50000-kwh-batteries/

Energy Transition Commission. (2019). Mission Possible sectoral focus: Shipping. https://www.energy-transitions.org/publications/mission-possible-sectoral-focus-shipping/

Esme Stallard. (2025, October 17). Landmark global shipping deal abandoned under US threats. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3vnl0yxg53o

European Commission. (2025a). Report from the Commission: Monitoring of the implementation of Directive 2003/87/EC in relation to maritime transport (COM(2025) 110). https://climate.ec.europa.eu/document/download/1bb8387b-bdc4-4489-9d76-7ff30239704d_en?filename=First%20report%20on%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20ETS%20extension%20to%20maritime%20transport.pdf

European Commission. (2025b). Report from the Commission: Review of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport in relation to the potential inclusion of ships below 5 000 gross tonnage but not below 400 gross tonnage (COM(2025) 109). https://climate.ec.europa.eu/document/download/dc0e2810-b32c-4366-86d5-9b7ef97ad785_en?filename=Review%20of%20the%20EU%20maritime%20MRV%20regulation%20on%20the%20possible%20inclusion%20of%20smaller%20ships.pdf

European Commission, JRC, EDGAR, & IEA. (2024). Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/4002897

European Parliament & European Council. (2023a). Directive (EU) 2023/959 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the Union greenhouse gas emission trading system. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/959/oj

European Parliament & European Council. (2023b). Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1804/oj

European Parliament & European Council. (2023c). Regulation (EU) 2023/1805 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the use of renewable and low-carbon fuels in maritime transport, and amending Directive 2009/16/EC. European Union. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1805/oj

Fuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., Beringer, T., De Oliveira Garcia, W., Hartmann, J., Khanna, T., Luderer, G., Nemet, G. F., Rogelj, J., Smith, P., Vicente, J. L. V., Wilcox, J., Del Mar Zamora Dominguez, M., & Minx, J. C. (2018). Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f

Global Maritime Forum. (2024a). Annual Progress Report on Green Shipping Corridors 2024. Global Maritime Forum. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/report/annual-progress-report-on-green-shipping-corridors-2024/

Global Maritime Forum. (2024b). Annual Progress Report on Green Shipping Corridors 2024. Global Maritime Forum. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/report/annual-progress-report-on-green-shipping-corridors-2024/

Global Maritime Forum. (2025). At a crossroads: Annual Progress Report on Green Shipping Corridors. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/press/china-india-and-brazil-move-on-green-shipping-corridors/

GMF. (2024). Annual Progress report on Green Shipping Corridors. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/press/green-corridors-grow-by-40-worldwide-but-face-a-feasibility-wall-says-global/

GMF. (2025). Annual Progress Report on Green Shipping Corridors 2025. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/report/annual-progress-report-on-green-shipping-corridors-2025/

Government of the People’s Republic of China & Climate Change Laws. (2021). The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and 2035 Long-Term Objectives. https://climate-laws.org/documents/outline-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china-14th-five-year-plan-for-national-economic-and-social-development-and-long-range-objectives-for-2035_f77e

Government of the People’s Republic ofChina. (2024). Action Plan for the Green Development of the Shipbuilding Industry (2024-2030). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202312/P020231229299132671282.pdf

Government of the UK. (2025a). Carbon budget and growth delivery plan. Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carbon-budget-and-growth-delivery-plan/carbon-budget-and-growth-delivery-plan-technical-annex-accessible-webpage

Government of the UK. (2025b). Maritime decarbonisation strategy. Department of Transport. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-decarbonisation-strategy

Hapag Lloyd. (2025, September 11). Shell and Hapag-Lloyd sign multi-year liquefied biomethane deal. https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/company/press/releases/2025/09/shell-and-hapag-lloyd-sign-multi-year-liquefied-biomethane-deal-.html

Hapag-Lloyd. (2024). Sustainability Progress Report 2024. https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/company/responsibility/sustainability/strategy.html

Hayer, S. (2016). Decision-making processes of ICAO and IMO in respect of environmental regulations. Publications Office of the EU. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/996fd06c-de15-11e6-ad7c-01aa75ed71a1

Hu, M., & Dong, Y. (2024). China’s shipping emissions governance: Status and prospects under the dual carbon goal. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1405312

ICCT. (2020). New IMO study highlights sharp rise in short-lived climate pollution | International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/news/fourth-imo-ghg-study-finalreport-pr-20200804

ICCT. (2021, May 21). Choose wisely: IMO’s carbon intensity target could be the difference between rising or falling shipping emissions this decade. International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/updated-choose-wisely-imos-carbon-intensity-target-could-be-the-difference-between-rising-or-falling-shipping-emissions-this-decade/

ICCT. (2025). Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from global shipping, 2016–2023. International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/publication/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-air-pollution-from-global-shipping-2016-2023-apr25/

IMO. (2009). Second IMO GHG Study. International Maritime Organization. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/second-imo-ghg-study-2009.aspx

IMO. (2014). Third IMO GHG Study 2014. International Maritime Organization. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/greenhouse-gas-studies-2014.aspx

IMO. (2017). Energy Efficiency Measures. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Technical-and-Operational-Measures.aspx

IMO. (2018). Initial GHG Strategy on reduction of emission from ships (MEPC.304). IMO.

IMO. (2020). Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020. Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships (MEPC75/7/15.). imo. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx

IMO. (2022). National Action Plans. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/RELEVANT-NATIONAL-ACTION-PLANS-AND-STRATEGIES.aspx

IMO. (2023a). Maritime Just Transition. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/humanelement/pages/maritime-just-transition.aspx

IMO. (2023b, July 7). Revised GHG reduction strategy for global shipping adopted. IMO.

IMO. (2025a). GreenVoyage2050. https://greenvoyage2050.imo.org/

IMO. (2025b). National Action Plans. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/relevant-national-action-plans-and-strategies.aspx

IMO. (2025c). Note by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to the sixty-second session of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA 62): Update on the IMO’s work to address GHG emissiosn from international shipping: (Agenda Item 13(b) “Emissions from Fuel Used for International Aviation and Maritime Transport”). UNFCC. https://submissions.unfccc.int/

IMO - MEPC. (2020). Reduction of GHG emissions from ships. Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020. International Maritime Organization, 53(9), 1689–1699.

Infineum Insight. (2025). CII ratings announced. Infineum Insight. https://www.infineuminsight.com/en-gb/articles/cii-ratings-announced/

IPCC. (2018). IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/

IPCC. (2023). Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)—Summary for policymakers (No. 9781317602071). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315071961-11

ITF. (2018). Decarbonising Maritime Transport: Pathways to zero-carbon shipping by 2035. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/decarbonising-maritime-transport_b1a7632c-en.html

Kersey, J., Popovich, N. D., & Phadke, A. A. (2022). Rapid battery cost declines accelerate the prospects of all-electric interregional container shipping. Nature Energy, 7(7), 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01065-y

Kosmajac, S. (2025, November 7). South Korean and US ports formalize green shipping corridor agreement. Offshore Energy. https://www.offshore-energy.biz/south-korean-and-us-ports-formalize-green-shipping-corridor-agreement/

Maersk. (2024). Annual Report 2024. Maersk. https://www.maersk.com/sustainability/our-esg-priorities/climate-change

Marine Insight. (2026). World’s Largest All-Electric Container Ship Begins Sea Trials In China. Marine Insight. https://www.marineinsight.com/worlds-largest-all-electric-container-ship-begins-sea-trials-in-china/

Maritime Just Transition Task Force. (2022). Mapping a maritime just transition for seafarers. https://unglobalcompact.org/take-action/think-labs/just-transition/about

MMMCZC. (2025). Insights from maturing a global portfolio of green shipping corridors. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Moller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping. https://www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/insights-from-maturing-a-global-portfolio-of-green-shipping-corridors

MMMCZCS. (2021). Fuel Options Position Paper. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Centre for Zero Carbon Shipping. https://www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/fuel-options-position-paper

MMMCZCS. (2022). Maritime Decarbonization Strategy 2022. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Centre for Zero Carbon Shipping. https://www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/maritime-decarbonization-strategy/

MMMCZCS. (2024). Understanding the potential of battery-electric propulsion for cargo vessels. Maersk Zero Carbon Shipping. https://www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/www.zerocarbonshipping.com/publications/understanding-the-potential-of-battery-electric-propulsion-for-cargo-vessels

MMMCZCS. (2025). Decarbonizing the global maritime industry. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping. https://www.zerocarbonshipping.com/www.zerocarbonshipping.com

Ocean Conservancy. (2020). IMO and Arctic States Slammed for Endorsing Continued Arctic Pollution—Ocean Conservancy. https://oceanconservancy.org/news/imo-arctic-states-slammed-endorsing-continued-arctic-pollution/

ONE. (2025). Sustainability Report 2025. https://www.one-line.com/en/sustainability/sustainability-reports

Osterkamp, P., Smith, T., & Søgaard, K. (2021). Five percent zero emission fuels by 2030 needed for Paris-aligned shipping decarbonisation. In Getting to Zero Coalition. Getting to Zero Coalition.

Pavlenko, N., Comer, B., Zhou, Y., Clark, N., & Rutherford, D. (2020). The climate implications of using LNG as a marine fuel. www.theicct.org

Reuters. (2025a). UK government, industry to invest over 1.1 billion pounds in maritime sector. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-government-industry-invest-over-11-billion-pounds-maritime-sector-2025-09-14/

Reuters. (2025b). US tells countries to reject UN ship fuel emissions deal or face tariffs, sources say. https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/us-tells-countries-reject-un-ship-fuel-emissions-deal-or-face-tariffs-sources-2025-09-03/

Ricardo & DNV. (2023). Study on the readiness and availability of low and zero carbon ship technology and marine fuels. International Maritime Organization. https://greenvoyage2050.imo.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Readiness-of-Low-Zero-Carbon-Marine-Fuels-Technology-Full-Report-v1.pdf

Roy, B., & Comer, B. (2017). Alternatives to heavy fuel oil use in the Arctic: Economic and environmental tradeoffs. https://theicct.org/publications/alternatives-heavy-fuel-oil-use-arctic-economic-and-environmental-tradeoffs

Rutherford, D., Mao, X., & Comer, B. (2020). Potential CO₂ reductions under the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index. https://theicct.org/publication/potential-co2-reductions-under-the-energy-efficiency-existing-ship-index/

Smith, T., Frosch, A., Fricaudet, M., Majidova, P., Oluteye, D., Baresic, D., & Rehmatulla, N. (2025). An overview of the discussions from IMO’s 83 rd Marine Environment Protection Committee. https://www.shippingandoceans.com/post/phase-out-of-fossil-fuels-in-shipping-begins-in-earnest

Smith, T., Perico, C. V., Galbraith, C., Thorne, C., Taylor, J., Fricaudet, M., Fuente, S. S. de la, O’Keeffe, E., Kapur, A., Howes, J., Roberts, L., & Taylor, R. (2025). International Maritime Decarbonisation Transitions: The costs and impacts of different pathways for international shipping to achieve alignment to the 1.5°C temperature goal. https://www.u-mas.co.uk/new-report-shows-that-international-shipping-can-achieve-95-reductions-in-well-to-wake-ghg-emissions-by-2050-with-policy-support/

Spero, J., & Raval, A. (2019). Maritime chiefs call for ship speed limits to cut emissions. https://www.ft.com/content/30e68844-6a8f-11e9-80c7-60ee53e6681d

Sustainable Ships. (2022). Overview of Shipping Companies’ Sustainable Ambitions. https://www.sustainable-ships.org/stories/2023/overview-rules-regulations-shipping-companies

The Canadian Press. (2020). Ban on heavy fuel in the Arctic full of holes. https://www.nsnews.com/ban-on-heavy-fuel-oil-in-arctic-full-of-holes-environmental-group-1.24081294

Transport & Environment. (2025). IMO Net-Zero Framework: Assessing the impact of the IMO’s draft Net-Zero Framework. https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/is-the-imo-on-track

UCL. (2025). Adoption of the IMO NZF delayed. Regional, national and corporate actors action urged to fill the gap. UCL Shipping-Oceans. https://www.shippingandoceans.com/post/adoption-of-the-imo-nzf-delayed-regional-national-and-corporate-actors-action-to-fill-the-gap

UNCTAD. (2025). Data Hub: Ships built by country of building. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.ShipBuilding

US EPA, O. (2023, February 9). Clean Ports Program [Announcements and Schedules]. https://www.epa.gov/ports-initiative/cleanports

U.S. Government. (2022). H.R.8336—Clean Shipping Act. 117th Congress.

Xiaoli Mao, Zhihang Meng, Bryan Comer, & Tom Decker. (2025). Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from global shipping, 2016–2023. International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/publication/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-air-pollution-from-global-shipping-2016-2023-apr25/