Indonesia

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Overall rating: Critically insufficient

Policies and action against fair share: Highly insufficient; < 4°C World

Conditional NDC target against modelled domestic pathways: Critically insufficient; 4°C+ World

Unconditional NDC target against fair share: Highly insufficient; < 4°C World

Climate finance: Not applicable

Net zero target: year
2060; Comprehensiveness not rated as
Information incomplete

Land use & forestry: historically considered a
Source

References

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Detik News (2026a) ‘Pramono Targetkan 10 Ribu Bus Listrik Mengaspal di Jakarta pada 2030’, 20 August. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8626966/pramono-targetkan-10-ribu-bus-listrik-mengaspal-di-jakarta-pada-2030 (Accessed: 7 September 2026)
Detik News (2026b) ‘Update 1 Januari 2026: Korban Jiwa Bencana Sumatera Capai 1.157 Orang’, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8287963/update-1-januari-2026-korban-jiwa-bencana-sumatera-capai-1-157-orang
East Asia Forum (2024) Displaced Indigenous women bear the brunt of Indonesia’s capital city project. Available at: https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/09/21/displaced-indigenous-women-bear-the-brunt-of-indonesias-capital-city-project/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
Ember (2024a) Recommendations on coal mine methane for Indonesia’s Second NDC. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/recommendations-on-coal-mine-methane-for-indonesias-second-ndc (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Ember (2024b) Uncovering Indonesia’s hidden methane problem. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/uncovering-indonesias-hidden-methane-problem (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Ember (2025a) Captive coal expansion plan could undermine Indonesia’s climate goals. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/captive-coal-expansion-plan-could-undermine-indonesias-climate-goals/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Ember (2025b) From AI to emissions: Aligning ASEAN’s digital growth with energy transition goals. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/from-ai-to-emissions-aligning-asean-digital-growth-with-energy-transition/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Energy Tracker Asia (2025) Captive Coal Threatens Indonesia’s Peak Emissions by 2030. Available at: https://energytracker.asia/captive-coal-threatens-indonesias-peak-emissions-by-2030/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
ERIA (2024) Market Penetration Assessment of Biodiesel (B100) and Bioethanol (E100) as Road Transport Fuels in Indonesia. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). Available at: https://www.eria.org/uploads/Developing-Biofuel-Based-Road-Transport-Industry.pdf (Accessed: 23 October 2024)
FAO (2024) FAOSTAT: Emissions totals data. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Forest Watch Indonesia (2024) Land Acquisition in the Nusantara Capital City (IKN): Remaining 20%, Who Benefits Most From the Ownership of Concession? Available at: https://fwi.or.id/en/land-acquisition-in-the-nusantara-capital-city-ikn-remaining-20-who-benefits-most-from-the-ownership-of-concession/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
GGGI (2025) Indonesia and Norway Sign Bilateral Agreement Under Article 6 to Advance Climate Cooperation With GGGI Support, Global Green Growth Institute. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at: https://gggi.org/indonesia-and-norway-sign-bilateral-agreement-under-article-6-to-advance-climate-cooperation-with-gggi-support/
GGGI (2026) ASEAN–Republic of Korea Methane Mitigation Project Launched in Indonesia to Strengthen Climate Action, Global Green Growth Institute. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at: https://gggi.org/asean-republic-of-korea-methane-mitigation-project-launched-in-indonesia-to-strengthen-climate-action/
GIZ (2021) Action Programme on Intermodal Freight Transport in Java, Indonesia - Technical Design Study (Summary). Jakarta. Available at: https://changing-transport.org/wp-content/uploads/2021_Action-Programme-on-Intermodal-Freight-Transport-in-Java-Indonesia-1.pdf (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Global Energy Monitor (2026) Global Coal Plant Tracker. Available at: https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker (Accessed: 29 July 2026)
Global Forest Watch (2026) Indonesia. Available at: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/IDN/? (Accessed: 29 July 2026)
Global Methane Initiative (2025) Methane Emissions Data: Global Methane Emissions and Projections. Available at: https://www.globalmethane.org/methane-emissions-data.aspx (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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IEEFA (2025b) The risks of fossil fuel dependence in Indonesia’s Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2025–2034. Available at: https://ieefa.org/resources/risks-fossil-fuel-dependence-indonesias-electricity-supply-business-plan-ruptl-2025-0 (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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IESR (2026a) IESR: Decarbonizing Freight Trucks is Key to Reducing Emissions and Fuel Subsidy Burden in Indonesia, IESR. Institute for Essential Services Reform. Available at: https://iesr.or.id/en/iesr-decarbonizing-freight-trucks-is-key-to-reducing-emissions-and-fuel-subsidy-burden-in-indonesia/
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Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture (2026) Wamentan Sudaryono Ungkap Peran Besar Sektor Pertanian dalam Ekonomi Karbon. Available at: https://www.pertanian.go.id/?show=news&act=view&id=7666 (Accessed: 7 September 2026)
Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2024) Ini Target Pemerintah untuk Populasi Kendaraan Listrik di Tahun 2030. Available at: https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/ini-target-pemerintah-untuk-populasi-kendaraan-listrik-di-tahun-2030 (Accessed: 7 September 2026)
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Investor Trust (2026) ‘Pemerintah Bidik 100% Bus Listrik pada 2045, Butuh Investasi Rp 116 Triliun’, 6 August. Available at: https://investortrust.id/business/111984/pemerintah-bidik-100-bus-listrik-pada-2045-butuh-investasi-rp-116-triliun (Accessed: 4 September 2026)
JETP Indonesia Secretariat (2026) JETP Indonesia Portfolio Dashboard. JETP Indonesia. Available at: https://jetp-id.org/portfolio-sub/index (Accessed: 29 July 2026)
KADIN Indonesia (2024) Pemanfaatan Energi Bersih di Industri Smelter. Available at: https://kadin.id/info-advokasi/pemanfaatan-energi-bersih-di-industri-smelter/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Madani Berkelanjutan (2026) Peluang dan Tantangan TFFF Bagi Indonesia dan Global dalam Konservasi Hutan Tropis, MADANI Berkelanjutan. Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan. Available at: https://madaniberkelanjutan.id/id/publication/peluang-dan-tantangan-tfff-bagi-indonesia-dan-global-dalam-konservasi-hutan-tropis
Media Indonesia (2025) ‘Perpres 110/2025 Buka Peluang Daerah Jadi Pusat Pasar Karbon Berbasis Rakyat’, 28 October. Available at: https://mediaindonesia.com/ekonomi/824935/perpres-1102025-buka-peluang-daerah-jadi-pusat-pasar-karbon-berbasis-rakyat (Accessed: 29 October 2025)
MEMR (2022) Roadmap for energy efficiency, low-carbon buildings, and construction sector in Indonesia. Available at: https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/Roadmap for an Energy Efficient%2C Low-Carbon Buildings and Construction Sector in Indonesia.pdf
MEMR (2023a) ‘Draft National Electricity Master Plan (RUKN) 2023-2060’. Available at: https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/eed9c-draft-rukn-cover.pdf
MEMR (2023b) ‘Limited Implementation of Bioethanol E5 Biofuel Begins Soon’. Available at: https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/post/2023/08/03/3565/implementasi.terbatas.bahan.bakar.nabati.bioetanol.e5.segera.dimulai
MEMR (2024a) Capaian Kinerja Semester I Tahun 2024. Available at: https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/content-capaian-kementerian-esdm-semester-i-2024.pdf (Accessed: 23 October 2024)
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Modern Diplomacy (2024) ‘Nusantara Capital City Mega Project in Indonesia: Progress and Public Skepticism’, 20 August. Available at: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/08/20/nusantara-capital-city-mega-project-in-indonesia-progress-and-public-skepticism/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
Mongabay (2023) ‘Report: Indonesia’s “food estate” program repeating failures of past projects’, 11 April. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2023/04/report-indonesias-food-estate-program-repeating-failures-of-past-projects/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
Mongabay (2024) ‘Past failures can’t stop Indonesia from clearing forests, Indigenous lands for farms’, 3 October. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2024/10/past-failures-cant-stop-indonesia-from-clearing-forests-indigenous-lands-for-farms/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
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Mongabay (2025b) ‘Nickel boom on an Indonesian island brings toxic seas, lost incomes, report says’, 23 July. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2025/07/nickel-boom-on-an-indonesian-island-brings-toxic-seas-lost-incomes-report-says/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Mongabay (2026a) ‘Indonesia backs away from coal exit test case amid financial and political pushback’, Mongabay, 15 January. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2026/01/indonesia-backs-away-from-coal-exit-test-case-amid-financial-and-political-pushback/
Mongabay (2026b) ‘Indonesia’s blackouts reignite debate over coal-dependent energy transition’, Mongabay, 1 July. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2026/07/indonesias-blackouts-reignite-debate-over-coal-dependent-energy-transition/
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The Jakarta Post (2024b) ‘Illicit waste burning reaches alarming rate of 48% Indonesian households’, 3 October. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2024/10/03/illicit-waste-burning-reaches-alarming-rate-of-48-indonesian-households.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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The Jakarta Post (2025c) ‘Indonesia won’t phase out fossil fuels, Hashim asserts’, The Jakarta Post, 3 December. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/12/03/indonesia-wont-phase-out-fossil-fuels-hashim-asserts
The Jakarta Post (2025d) ‘Java no longer has power oversupply, ministry says’, 20 June. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/06/20/java-no-longer-has-power-oversupply-ministry-says.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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The Jakarta Post (2025g) ‘Waste processing rate in Indonesia only reaches 10 percent’, 26 June. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2025/06/26/waste-processing-rate-in-indonesiaonly-reaches10-percent.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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The Jakarta Post (2026h) ‘Indonesia rolls out B50 biodiesel mandate, lifting palm oil demand’, The Jakarta Post, 10 July. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/07/10/indonesia-rolls-out-b50-biodiesel-mandate-lifting-palm-oil-demand
The Jakarta Post (2026i) ‘Indonesia seeks to boost rooftop solar quota by 400 MW’, The Jakarta Post, 23 January. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/01/23/indonesia-seeks-to-boost-rooftop-solar-quota-by-400-mw
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The Jakarta Post (2026l) ‘Jakarta mandates household sorting to tackle chronic waste crisis’, The Jakarta Post, 6 May. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2026/05/06/jakarta-mandates-household-sorting-to-tackle-chronic-waste-crisis
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