Norway

Accelerating to Zero Coalition. (2021). Zero Emission Vehicles Declaration [Declaration]. International Council on Clean Transportation. https://acceleratingtozero.org/the-declaration/

Adomaitis, N. (2025, October 28). Europe’s top rights court rejects climate challenge against Norway’s oil. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/cop/europes-top-rights-court-rejects-climate-challenge-against-norway-oil-2025-10-28/

Bellona. (2021, December 17). Norway grants €100 million for clean hydrogen. Bellona. https://bellona.org/news/ccs/2021-12-norway-grants-e100-million-for-clean-hydrogen

Brown, M. (2018, May 4). Norway Just Mandated Zero-Emission Fjords to Lead Electric Boat Charge. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/44507-norway-zero-emission-fjords?refresh=8

Buli, N. (2025, January 14). Norway awards oil, gas drilling permits, plans Arctic push. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/norway-awards-53-stakes-latest-offshore-oil-gas-exploration-round-2025-01-14/

Business Norway. (2025, June 2). Norway showcases award-winning electric ferry technology. Business Norway. https://businessnorway.com/articles/norway-showcases-award-winning-electric-ferry-technology

C40. (2019). Oslo and Heidelberg commit to make new buildings net-zero carbon by 2030 [Press release]. https://www.c40.org/news/oslo-heidelberg-net-zero-buildings/#:~:text=Oslo%20and%20Heidelberg%20commit%20to,carbon%20by%202030%20%2D%20C40%20Cities

Climate Analytics. (2022). 1.5°C National Pathways Explorer—Norway. https://1p5ndc-pathways.climateanalytics.org/countries/norway/sectors/buildings/

Coleman, N. (2025, January 9). Higher Norway exploration drilling yields less oil and gas in 2024: Regulator. S&P Global. https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/crude-oil/010925-higher-norway-exploration-drilling-yields-less-oil-and-gas-in-2024-regulator

EEA Joint Committee. (2019). Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 269/2019 of 25 October 2019 amending Protocol 31 to the EEA Agreement, on cooperation in specific fields outside the four freedoms [2023/92]. Official Journal of the European Union. https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/documents/legal-texts/eea/other-legal-documents/adopted-joint-committee-decisions/2019%20-%20English/269-2019.pdf

EIA. (2022). Norway remains a significant natural gas supplier to the European Union. U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=54479

EIA. (2024). Norway: Analysis—Energy Sector Highlights. U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/NOR

Equinor. (2024). Northern Lights ready to receive CO₂ [Press release]. https://www.equinor.com/news/20240926-northern-lights-ready-to-receive-co2

EuroCities. (2025). Oslo powers a zero-emission future. EuroCities. https://eurocities.eu/latest/oslo-powers-a-zero-emission-future/

European Commission. (2025a). Effort sharing 2021-2030: Targets and flexibilities (Effort Sharing: Member States’ Emission Targets). https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/effort-sharing-member-states-emission-targets/effort-sharing-2021-2030-targets-and-flexibilities_en

European Commission. (2025b). FAQ – Maritime transport in EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). European Commission. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/transport-decarbonisation/reducing-emissions-shipping-sector/faq-maritime-transport-eu-emissions-trading-system-ets_en

European Commission. (2025c). Scope of the ETS (Energy, Climate Change, Environment). European Commission. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/scope-eu-ets_en#:~:text=carbon%20dioxide%20(CO2)%20from,from%20the%20production%20of%20aluminium.

European Environment Agency. (2021). Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-3/assessment#:~:text=In non-EU EEA countries,e%2FkWh in Norway

Gassco. (2025a). Record delivery of natural gas in 2024. Gassco. https://gassco.eu/en/record-delivery-of-natural-gas-through-the-gas-transport-system-to-europe-in-2024/

Gassco. (2025b). Record delivery of natural gas in 2024. https://gassco.eu/en/record-delivery-of-natural-gas-through-the-gas-transport-system-to-europe-in-2024/#:~:text=Norwegian%20natural%20gas%20has%20become,of%20its%20total%20energy%20consumption.

Government of Norway. (2017). Climate Change Act—Act relating to Norway’s climate targets. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/climate-change-act/id2593351/

Government of Norway. (2018). Norway’s Seventh National Communication [UNFCCC National Communication]. Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/529371_norway-nc7-br3-1-nc7_-_br3_-_final.pdf

Government of Norway. (2019). Politisk plattform 2019-2021. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/7b0b7f0fcf0f4d93bb6705838248749b/plattform.pdf

Government of Norway. (2020a). Norway’s Fourth Biennial Report [UNFCCC Biennial Report]. Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Norway_BR4 %282%29.pdf

Government of Norway. (2020b). Norway’s long-term low-emission strategy for 2050. https://unfccc.int/documents/266947

Government of Norway. (2020c). Update of Norway’s nationally determined contribution. https://unfccc.int/documents/497804

Government of Norway. (2021a). Norway to double climate finance to NOK 14 billion [Press release]. Ministry of Climate and Environment and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-to-double-climate-finance-to-nok-14-billion/id2881477/

Government of Norway. (2021b). Norway’s Climate Action Plan for 2021-2030 (Report to the Storting No. Meld. St. 13 (2020-2021)). Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/a78ecf5ad2344fa5ae4a394412ef8975/en-gb/pdfs/stm202020210013000engpdfs.pdf

Government of Norway. (2021c). Submission by Norway on information to be provided by Parties in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 5, of the Paris Agreement. UNFCCC. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/Documents/202102252001---Norway_s%20Submission%20in%20accordance%20with%20Article%209.5%20of%20the%20Paris%20Agreement.pdf

Government of Norway. (2022a). 2022 Common Reporting Format (CRF) Table. https://unfccc.int/documents/461704

Government of Norway. (2022b). Norway First NDC (Second updated submission). https://unfccc.int/documents/620975

Government of Norway. (2023). Norway’s Eighth National Communication [National Communication]. Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://unfccc.int/documents/627573

Government of Norway. (2024a). Target to double climate finance exceeded for second year in a row [Press release]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/target-to-double-climate-finance-exceeded-for-second-year-in-a-row/id3048346/

Government of Norway. (2024b). The Government Extends Tropical Forest Initiative to 2035 [Press release]. Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-government-extends-tropical-forest-initiative-to-2035/id3054310/

Government of Norway. (2025a). 2025 Common Reporting Format (CRF) Table [GHG inventory]. https://unfccc.int/documents/646059

Government of Norway. (2025b). Norway’s First Biennial Transparency Report [Biennial transparency reports]. Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://unfccc.int/documents/644967

Government of Norway. (2025c). Norway’s nationally determined contribution for 2035. https://unfccc.int/documents/648557

Hauber, G. (2023). Norway’s Sleipner and Snøhvit CCS: Industry models or cautionary tales? Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. https://ieefa.org/resources/norways-sleipner-and-snohvit-ccs-industry-models-or-cautionary-tales

IEA. (2022). The Future of Heat Pumps (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4713780d-c0ae-4686-8c9b-29e782452695/TheFutureofHeatPumps.pdf

Jacobsen, S., & Adomaitis, N. (2025, May 27). Norway oil industry set to invest record amount in 2025. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/norway-oil-industry-expects-make-record-high-investments-2025-2025-05-27/

Mannes, M. (2025, December 1). Tesla sets Norway’s annual car sales record. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-sets-norways-annual-car-sales-record-2025-12-01/

McBride, O. (2025, July 4). Norway’s Fuel Tax Change Hits Fishing Fleet Sparking Cancellations. The Fishing Daily. https://thefishingdaily.com/norwegian-fishing-industry-blog/norways-fuel-tax-change-hits-fishing-fleet-sparking-cancellations/

Meredith, S. (2025, July 15). I’m in Norway—And EVs are everywhere. Here’s what the country has done differently. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/15/evs-are-everywhere-in-oslo-heres-what-norway-has-done-differently.html

Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. (2018). The Norwegian Government continues with the planning of a demonstration project for CO2 capture, transport and storage. Solberg Government. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-norwegian-government-continues-with-the-planning-of-a-demonstration-project-for-co2-capture-transport-and-storage/id2601399/

Morel, M. (2022). C. Norway. In Yearbook of International Environmental Law (Vol. 32). https://doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvac048

Niranjan, A. (2023, November 23). ‘You can walk around in a T-shirt’: How Norway brought heat pumps in from the cold. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/23/norway-heat-pumps-cold-heating

Nordic Center for Sustainable Finance. (2024). The Norwegian Oil Fund. Nordic Center for Sustainable Finance. https://www.nordicsustainablefinance.org/the-norwegian-oil-fund

Nordic Energy Research. (2025). Energy Efficiency in the Nordics. Nordic Energy Research. https://pub.norden.org/nordicenergyresearch2025-01/index.html

Norsk Petroleum. (2024). Carbon capture and storage. Norsk Petroleum. https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/environment-and-technology/carbon-capture-and-storage/

Norsk Petroleum. (2025a). Emissions to air. https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/environment-and-technology/emissions-to-air/#:~:text=Photo:%20Ministry%20of%20Energy,Norway's%20aggregate%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.

Norsk Petroleum. (2025b). Production forecasts. Norsk Petroleum. https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/production-and-exports/production-forecasts/

Norway Trains. (2025). Norway Railway Map. Norway Trains.

Norwegian EV Association. (2024). Norwegian EV market. Norsk elbilforening. https://elbil.no/english/norwegian-ev-market/

Norwegian Ministry of Energy. (2024). Electricity production. https://energifaktanorge.no/en/norsk-energiforsyning/kraftproduksjon/

Norwegian Ministry of Transport. (2021). National Transport Plan 2022-2023 (Report to the Storting No. Meld. St. 20 (2020-2021)). https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/117831ad96524b9b9eaadf72d88d3704/en-gb/pdfs/stm202020210020000engpdfs.pdf

Norwegian Offshore Directorate. (2025). Production figures May 2025 [Production figures]. Norwegian Offshore Directorate. https://www.sodir.no/en/whats-new/news/production-figures/2025/production-figures-may-2025/

OECD. (2024). Carbon pricing in Norway (Pricing Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Ccountry Notes). OECD. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/carbon-pricing-and-energy-taxes/carbon-pricing-norway.pdf

OECD. (2025). Development Co-operation Profiles: Norway. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/development-co-operation-profiles_04b376d7-en/norway_08191fd9-en.html#:~:text=Norway%20provided%20USD%205.2%20billion,the%20DAC%20average%20(19.1%25).

Oil Change International. (2022). The Aggressive Explorer: How Norway’s Rapid Ramp-up of Oil and Gas Licensing Is Incompatible with Climate Leadership. https://priceofoil.org/2022/02/08/norway-briefing-2022/

Regulation (EU) 2023/839 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/841 as Regards the Scope, Simplifying the Reporting and Compliance Rules, and Setting out the Targets of the Member States for 2030, and Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 as Regards Improvement in Monitoring, Reporting, Tracking of Progress and Review, Pub. L. No. OJ L 107, Document 32023R0839 PE/75/2022/REV/1 1 (2023). Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/841 http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/839/oj

Regulation (EU) 2023/857 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/842 on Binding Annual Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 Contributing to Climate Action to Meet Commitments under the Paris Agreement, and Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (Text with EEA Relevance), Pub. L. No. OJ L 111, Document 32023R0857 PE/72/2022/REV/1 1 (2023). Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/842 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R0857

Reuters. (2017, June 15). Oil producer Norway bans use of heating oil in buildings. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-norway/oil-producer-norway-bans-use-of-heating-oil-in-buildings-idUSKBN1961VL/

Reuters. (2019, January 11). Norway awards Equinor license to build CO2 storage under seabed. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/equinor-carbon/norway-awards-equinor-license-to-build-co2-storage-under-seabed-idUSL8N1ZB3BN/

Reuters. (2024, September 21). Norway’s Equinor scraps plans to export blue hydrogen to Germany. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/norways-equinor-scraps-plans-export-blue-hydrogen-germany-2024-09-20/

Salas, E. B. (2025). Number of electric buses registered in Norway from 2009 to 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1027842/number-of-electric-buses-registered-in-norway/

Schwartzkopff, F. (2021). Banks in Norway Offered Free Climate-Risk Tool by Government. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-14/banks-in-norway-offered-free-climate-risk-tool-by-government#xj4y7vzkg

Schwartzkopff, F. (2022, January 3). European Rights Court Takes Up Norway Arctic Drilling Case. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-03/european-human-rights-court-takes-up-norway-arctic-drilling-case

Solsvik, T. (2019, October 2). Norway sovereign wealth fund to divest oil explorers, keep refiners. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/norway-sovereign-wealth-fund-to-divest-oil-explorers-keep-refiners-idUSKBN1WG4R8/#:~:text=OSLO%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20Norway's%20%241.1,ministry%20said%20late%20on%20Tuesday.

Statistics Norway. (2025). Fakta om Olje og energi (Facts about oil and energy). Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/energi-og-industri/faktaside/olje-og-energi

UN Climate Change Conference UK. (2021). Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use. UK Government Web Archive. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230418175226/https://ukcop26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/

UN News. (2025, July 23). World Court says countries are legally obligated to curb emissions, protect climate. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165475

UNDP. (2025). Norway commits $200 million to greening Ukraine’s energy sector under new framework agreement with UNDP. United Nations Development Programme. https://www.undp.org/ukraine/press-releases/norway-commits-200-million-greening-ukraines-energy-sector-under-new-framework-agreement-undp

World Bank Group. (2023). Forest area (% of land area) for Norway [Data]. World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS