Critically Insufficient4°C+
World
NDCs with this rating fall well outside of a country’s “fair share” range and are not at all consistent with holding warming to below 2°C let alone with the Paris Agreement’s stronger 1.5°C limit. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming would exceed 4°C. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming of greater than 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.
Highly insufficient< 4°C
World
NDCs with this rating fall outside of a country’s “fair share” range and are not at all consistent with holding warming to below 2°C let alone with the Paris Agreement’s stronger 1.5°C limit. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming would reach between 3°C and 4°C. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming between 3°C and 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.
Insufficient< 3°C
World
NDCs with this rating are in the least stringent part of a country’s “fair share” range and not consistent with holding warming below 2°C let alone with the Paris Agreement’s stronger 1.5°C limit. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming would reach over 2°C and up to 3°C. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming over 2°C and up to 3°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.
2°C Compatible< 2°C
World
NDCs with this rating are consistent with the 2009 Copenhagen 2°C goal and therefore fall within a country’s “fair share” range, but are not fully consistent with the Paris Agreement long term temperature goal. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming could be held below, but not well below, 2°C and still be too high to be consistent with the Paris Agreement 1.5°C limit. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with holding warming below, but not well below, 2°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.
1.5°C Paris Agreement Compatible< 1.5°C
World
This rating indicates that a government’s NDCs in the most stringent part of its “fair share” range: it is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit.
Role model<< 1.5°C
World
This rating indicates that a government’s NDC is more ambitious than what is considered a “fair” contribution: it is more than consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit. No “role model” rating has been developed for the sectors.
1.5°C Compatible< 1.5°C
World
This rating indicates that a government’s NDCs in the most stringent part of its “fair share” range: it is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit.
Sources
List of references
- Al-Ghabban, A. (2013). Saudi Arabia’s Renewable Energy Strategy and Solar Energy Deployment Roadmap, King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, 60. Retrieved from https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/masdar/Abdulrahman Al Ghabban Presentation.pdf.
- Al-Rushaid, W. (2010). Strengthening of National Capacities for National Development Strategies and Their Management: An Evaluation of UNDP’s Contribution Country Study – Saudi Arabia.
- Alshahrani, S. a., & Alsadiq, A. J. (2014). Economic Growth and Government Spending in Saudi Arabia: an Empirical Investigation. IMF Working Papers, 14(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484348796.001.
- Alsweilem, A. K. (2015). A Stable and Efficient Fiscal Framework for Saudi Arabia : The Role of Sovereign Funds in Decoupling Spending from Oil Revenue and Creating a Permanent Source of Income. Retrieved from http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Saudi.pdf.
- Barbuscia, D. (2019, February 11). Saudi Arabia would need oil at $80-$85 a barrel to balance budget: IMF official. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy-imf/saudi-arabia-would-need-oil-at-80-85-a-barrel-to-balance-budget-imf-official-idUSKCN1Q01N0.
- Beetz, B. (2018, October 5). Saudi Government refutes claims 200 GW solar project has been scrapped. PV Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/10/05/saudi-government-refutes-claims-that-200-gw-solar-project-has-been-scrapped/.
- Bloomberg. (2017a). Saudi Arabia to Revive its Solar Power Program at Smaller Scale. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-25/saudi-arabia-to-revive-its-solar-power-program-at-smaller-scale.
- Bloomberg. (2017b). Saudis Kick Off $50 Billion Renewable Energy Plan to Cut Oil Use. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-20/saudis-kick-off-50-billion-renewable-energy-plan-to-cut-oil-use.
- Borgmann. (2016). Potentially Game-Changing Saudi Arabian Government Restructuring Bolsters 9.5 GW Renewable Energy Target by 2023. Retrieved from http://www.apricum-group.com/saudi-arabia-announces-9-5-gw-renewable-energy-target-new-king-salman-renewable-energy-initiative/.
- de la Merced, M. J., & Reed, S. (2019, October 28). Aramco’s I.P.O. Will Be Less Gigantic Than Promised. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/business/dealbook/aramco-ipo-saudi-arabia.html.
- Dudley, D. (2019, October 17). Race Heats Up For Title Of Cheapest Solar Energy In The World Race. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2019/10/17/cheapest-solar-energy-in-the-world/#76038b784772.
- Heede, R. (2019). Carbon Majors: Update of Top Twenty companies 1965-2017. Climate Accountability Institute. Retrieved from http://climateaccountability.org/pdf/CAI%20PressRelease%20Top20%20Oct19.pdf.
- IEA. (2014). World Energy Outlook 2014. IEA/OECD. Retrieved from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2014/.
- IEA. (2017). CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (2017 edition). Paris, France.
- IEA. (2019). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2019 Edition. International Energy Agency.
- IRENA. (2019a). Renewable Electricity Capacity and Generation Statistics. Retrieved from http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/?topic=4&subTopic=54.
- IRENA. (2019b). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019.
- KAUST. (2014). Appraisal and Evaluation of Energy Utilization and Efficiency in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2016). Vision 2030. Retrieved from http://vision2030.gov.sa/en/media-center.
- MEES. (2019). Saudi To Push On With ‘Full Cycle’ Nuclear, Probably. MEES, 62(37). Retrieved from https://www.mees.com/2019/9/13/power-water/saudi-to-push-on-with-full-cycle-nuclear-probably/a4c0bbb0-d63b-11e9-b2a3-af7a4b586e92.
- Merrill, L., Bassi, A. M., Bridle, R., & Christensen, L. T. (2015). Tackling Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Climate Change: Levelling the energy playing field. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-575.
- Ministry of Energy of Saudi Arabia. (2019a). Saudi Arabia invites bids for Round Two of the National Renewable Energy Program. Renewable Energy Project Development Office. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions
- Ministry of Energy of Saudi Arabia. (2019b). Saudi Arabia Renewable Energy Targets and Long Term Visibility. Renewable Energy Project Development Office. Retrieved from https://www.powersaudiarabia.com.sa/web/attach/media/Saudi-Arabia-Renewable-Energy-Targets-and-Long-Term-Visibility.pdf.
- Ministry of Energy of Saudi Arabia. (2019c). The Ministry of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources launches the second round of the renewable energy program [translated from Arabic]. Retrieved from https://www.meim.gov.sa/arabic/mediacenter/press-releases/Pages/meim-launches-second-round-of-renewable-energy-program.aspx.
- Reuters. (2017). Saudi to shelve, reform billions of dollars of unfinished projects - sources.
- Reuters. (2019, October 25). FACTBOX-Saudi Arabia’s key economic and social reforms. Reuters. Retrieved from https://uk.reuters.com/article/saudi-investment-reforms/factbox-saudi-arabias-key-economic-and-social-reforms-idUKL5N2763K6.
- Saudi-US Trade Group. (2017). Saudi Restarts Renewable Energy Investment Plans with up to $50b in Solar, Wind by 2023. Retrieved from http://sustg.com/saudi-restarts-renewable-energy-investment-plans-with-up-to-50b-in-solar-wind-by-2023/.
- Saudi Arabia Energy Efficiency Center. (2017). SEEC Program. Retrieved from https://www.seec.gov.sa/en.
- Taylor, M., & Watts, J. (2019, October 9). Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of all carbon emissions. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions.
- US EPA. (2012). Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990 - 2030. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/epa_global_nonco2_projections_dec2012.pdf.
- US EPA. (2019). Global non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections & Mitigation. Washington, DC, US.
- Utilities Middle East. (2019). Saudi Arabia gets first EV charging stations. Retrieved October 28, 2019, from https://www.utilities-me.com/news/13642-saudi-arabia-gets-first-ev-charging-stations.
- World Nuclear Association. (2019). Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved October 29, 2019, from https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/saudi-arabia.aspx.
Further analysis
Latest publications
Stay informed
Subscribe to our newsletter