International Aviation

Critically Insufficient4°C+ World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming of greater than 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

Highly insufficient< 4°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming between 3°C and 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

Insufficient< 3°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming over 2°C and up to 3°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

2°C Compatible< 2°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with holding warming below, but not well below, 2°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

1.5°C Paris Agreement Compatible< 1.5°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit.

List of references

Brazil (2019) ‘Statement of the Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the International Civil Aviation Organization. Verbal Note No.: 2019-082 / BRASICAO’. Available at: https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/Resolutions/Brazil_EN.pdf.
Burkhardt, U., Bock, L. and Bier, A. (2018) ‘Mitigating the contrail cirrus climate impact by reducing aircraft soot number emissions’, Climate and Atmospheric Science. Springer US, pp. 1–37. doi: 10.1038/s41612-018-0046-4.
CE Delft (2019) Taxes in the Field of Aviation and their impact - Final report. doi: 10.2832/913591.
China (2019) ‘Statement of the Chinese Delegation on the “Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Environmental Protection - Climate Change” and the ’Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Related to Environmental Protection - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation’. Available at: https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/Resolutions/china_EN.pdf.
Council of the European Union (2020) ‘Aviation emissions: EU adopts its position on adjusted CORSIA baseline to take account of the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic’. Brussels, Belgium. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/06/09/aviation-emissions-eu-adopts-its-position-on-adjusted-corsia-baseline-to-take-account-of-the-consequences-of-covid-19-pandemic/.
Ecosystem Marketplace (2020) Carbon markets are well-positioned to meet CORSIA demand projections. Available at: https://www.forest-trends.org/pressroom/ecosystem-marketplace-forecasts-ample-supply-of-corsia-carbon-credits-if-icao-council-limits-eligibility-to-post-2016-offsets/.
EDF (2019) ICAO’s market-based measure. Available at: https://www.edf.org/climate/icaos-market-based-measure.
Energy Transitions Commission (2019) Mission Possible -Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by mid century. Sectoral focus: aviation. Available at: http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC sectoral focus - Aviation_final.pdf.
Faber, J. and Huigen, T. (2018) A study on aviation ticket taxes. CE Delft. Available at: www.cedelft.eu.
Fearnehough, H. et al. (2019) Offset Credit Supply for CORSIA. German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt). Available at: https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Offset-credit-supply-potential-for-CORSIA.pdf.
Feuvre, P. Le (2019) Are aviation biofuels ready for take-off?, IEA. Available at: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/are-aviation-biofuels-ready-for-take-off.
Forest Trends’ Ecosystem Marketplace (2019) Financing Emissions Reductions for the Future: State of Voluntary Carbon Markets 2019. Washington. Available at: https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/SOVCM2019.pdf.
Graver, B., Zhang, K. and Rutherford, D. (2019) CO₂ emissions from commercial aviation, 2018. 2019–16. Available at: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_CO2-commercl-aviation-2018_20190918.pdf.
Grewe, V. et al. (2017) ‘Feasibility of climate-optimized air traffic routing for trans-Atlantic flights’, Environmental Researd Letters, 12, p. 034003. Available at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5ba0/meta.
Hall, D., Pavlenko, N. and Lutsey, N. (2018) Beyond road vehicles: Survey of zero-emission technology options across the transport sector, The International Council on Clean Transportation. 11. Available at: https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Beyond_Road_ZEV_Working_Paper_20180718.pdf.
IATA (2020a) Carbon Offsetting Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) - COVID-19. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/policy/environment/corsia/.
IATA (2020b) COVID-19 Puts Over Half of 2020 Passenger Revenues at Risk. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-04-14-01/.
IATA (2020c) Don’t Make A Slow Recovery More Difficult with Quarantine Measures. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-05-13-03/.
ICAO (2013a) Assembly Resolutions in Force. Doc 10022. Montreal. Available at: https://www.icao.int/Meetings/GLADs-2015/Documents/A38-18.pdf.
ICAO (2013b) Destination Green. Environmental Report 2013. Montreal. Available at: https://cfapp.icao.int/Environmental-Report-2013/files/assets/basic-html/index.html#1.
ICAO (2018) Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Environmental Protection. Volume IV, Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA).
ICAO (2019a) ‘CORSIA Sustainability Criteria for CORSIA Eligible Fuels’. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Documents/ICAO document 05 - Sustainability Criteria.pdf.
ICAO (2019b) Destination Green: The Next Chapter - 2019 Environmental Report. Montreal. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/ICAO-ENV-Report2019-F1-WEB (1).pdf.
ICAO (2020a) CORSIA States for Chapter 3 State Pairs - Updated information on the States that intend to voluntarily participate in CORSIA from its outset. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/state-pairs.aspx (Accessed: 9 December 2019).
ICAO (2020b) Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Civil Aviation: Economic Impact Analysis (8 June 2020). Available at: https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_Econ_Impact.pdf.
ICAO (2020c) ICAO - History. Available at: https://www.icao.int/secretariat/technicalcooperation/pages/history.aspx.
ICAO (2020d) ‘International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Program Application Form, Appendix A’. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/TAB.aspx.
ICAO Assembly (2016) Resolution A39-3: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – Global Market-based Measure (MBM) scheme. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Resolution_A39_3.pdf.
IEA (2019) CO₂ Emissions Statistics. Available at: https://www.iea.org/statistics/co2emissions/.
India (2019) ‘Declaration of Reservation of the Republic of India in relation to Resolution A40-19: Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Environmental Protection - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation’. Available at: https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/Resolutions/India_EN.pdf.
IPCC (2007) Mitigation of climate change: Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4_wg3_full_report-1.pdf.
IPCC (2018) IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C. Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/.
Kharina, A., Rutherford, D. and Zeinali, M. (2016) Cost assessment of near and mid-term technologies to improve new aircraft fuel efficiency. Washington DC, USA: International Council on Clean Transportation. Available at: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT aircraft fuel efficiency cost assessment_final_09272016.pdf.
Larsson, J. et al. (2019) ‘International and national climate policies for aviation: a review’, Climate Policy. Taylor & Francis, 19(6), pp. 787–799. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2018.1562871.
Malins, C. (2019) Understanding the indirect land use change analysis for CORSIA. Available at: https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2019_12_Cerulogy_ILUC-in-CORSIA.pdf.
Mendes de Leon, P. et al. (2015) Possible legal arrangements to implement a global market based measure for international aviation emissions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/transport/aviation/docs/gmbm_legal_study_en.pdf.
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National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (2016) Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research: Reducing Global Carbon Emissions. Washington D.C: The National Academies Press. Available at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23490/commercial-aircraft-propulsion-and-energy-systems-research-reducing-global-carbon.
Netherlands et al. (2019) ‘Joint statement on EU coordination for aviation pricing by the Ministers of Finance - 7 November 2019’. Available at: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/publicaties/2019/11/07/political-statement-joint-statement-on-eu-coordination-for-aviation-pricing-by-the-ministers-of-finance-–-7-november-2019/Joint+statement+on+EU+coordination+for+aviation.
Owen, B., Lee, D. S. and Lim, L. (2010) ‘Flying into the Future: Aviation Emissions Scenarios to 2050’, Environmental Science & Technology, 44, pp. 2255–2260. doi: 10.1021/es902530z.
Russia (2019) ‘Statement: The Russian Federation’s Reservations on the Text of Resolutions: “16/1. Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Environmental Protection - Climate Change” and ’17/1. Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO’. Available at: https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/Resolutions/russia_EN.pdf.
Rutherford, D. (2020) Standards to promote airline fuel efficiency. Available at: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Airline-fuel-efficiency-standard-2020.pdf.
Scheelhaase, J., Maertens, S. and Grimme, W. (2019) ‘Synthetic fuels in aviation – Current barriers potential political measures’, Transportation Research Procedia. Elsevier B.V., 43, pp. 21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.12.015.
Schneider, L. et al. (2019) ‘Lessons learned from the first round of applications by carbon-offsetting programs for eligibility under CORSIA’. Öko-Institut e.V. Available at: https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/oekodoc/Lessons-learned-from-CORSIA-applications.pdf.
Schneider, L. and Graichen, J. (2020) Should CORSIA be changed due to the COVID-19 crisis? Öko Institut. Available at: https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/oekodoc/Should-CORSIA-be-changed-due-to-the-COVID-19-crisis.pdf.
Searle, S. et al. (2019) Long-term aviation fuel decarbonization: Progress, roadblocks, and policy opportunities. Washington D.C: ICCT. Available at: https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/.
Yanguas Parra, P. A. et al. (2019) Global and regional coal phase-out requirements of the Paris Agreement: Insights from the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C. Available at: https://climateanalytics.org/media/report_coal_phase_out_2019.pdf.