Peru

Critically Insufficient4°C+ World

NDCs with this rating fall well outside of a country’s “fair share” range and are not at all consistent with holding warming to below 2°C let alone with the Paris Agreement’s stronger 1.5°C limit. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming would exceed 4°C. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming of greater than 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

Highly insufficient< 4°C World

NDCs with this rating fall outside of a country’s “fair share” range and are not at all consistent with holding warming to below 2°C let alone with the Paris Agreement’s stronger 1.5°C limit. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming would reach between 3°C and 4°C. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming between 3°C and 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

Insufficient< 3°C World

NDCs with this rating are in the least stringent part of a country’s “fair share” range and not consistent with holding warming below 2°C let alone with the Paris Agreement’s stronger 1.5°C limit. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming would reach over 2°C and up to 3°C. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming over 2°C and up to 3°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

2°C Compatible< 2°C World

NDCs with this rating are consistent with the 2009 Copenhagen 2°C goal and therefore fall within a country’s “fair share” range, but are not fully consistent with the Paris Agreement long term temperature goal. If all government NDCs were in this range, warming could be held below, but not well below, 2°C and still be too high to be consistent with the Paris Agreement 1.5°C limit. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with holding warming below, but not well below, 2°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

1.5°C Paris Agreement Compatible< 1.5°C World

This rating indicates that a government’s NDCs in the most stringent part of its “fair share” range: it is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit. For sectors, the rating indicates that the target is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit.

Role model<< 1.5°C World

This rating indicates that a government’s NDC is more ambitious than what is considered a “fair” contribution: it is more than consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit. No “role model” rating has been developed for the sectors.

1.5°C Compatible< 1.5°C World

Overview

Peru’s current policies remain set to exceed the emissions in its “Insufficient” NDC target. In a positive development, in April 2018, the Peruvian Government published its first framework law on climate change, which serves as a legislative instrument for the 2014 National Strategy on Climate Change, and effectively made Peru’s Paris Agreement pledge legally binding. However, this does not introduce specific mitigation measures required to lower the growth of emissions.

The law emphasises the need for climate adaptation, but also describes how mitigation efforts should be pursued: carbon sequestration in forests, sustainable transport, waste management, switching to renewable energy, and energy efficiency in industry.

In its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted under the Paris Agreement, Peru specifies an unconditional target and a target conditional upon international assistance. Both targets address total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including those from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), which represent half of Peru’s emissions, and which are set to double by 2030. The unconditional NDC target is a reduction by 20% below business-as-usual (BAU) by 2030, the conditional target a 30% reduction. Based on these targets we rate Peru “Insufficient”.

Based on our assessment, Peru will need to implement additional policies to reach its proposed targets.¹ The “Insufficient” rating means that Peru’s climate commitment is at the least stringent end of what would be a fair share of global effort, and is not consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit, unless other countries make much deeper reductions and comparably greater effort.

Peru hosts about 740,000 square kilometres of forest area, including the largest area of the Amazon rainforest after Brazil (World Bank, 2015). Under business-as-usual, Peru’s LULUCF emissions would almost double between 2012 and 2030—a growth rate not seen before in Peru’s history—the opposite of what is needed to achieve the Paris Agreement target. The need to lower emissions from the LULUCF sector was recognised in Peru’s refined Copenhagen pledge, which targeted achieving net zero LULUCF emissions by 2021. However, this pledge is absent from its NDC. See Current Policy Projections section for more detail.

The Peruvian Government projects that 77% of the emission reductions needed to meet the unconditional target will be achieved by measures in the LULUCF sector (particularly to increase enabling conditions for forest management) (Government of Peru, 2015a). Similarly, for the conditional target, the government projects that 71% of the emission reductions will be achieved in the LULUCF sector. Despite this focus on emission reductions in this sector, remaining emissions from the forestry and land use sector would still be considerable in absolute terms and not on track to reduce LULUCF emissions at least to 95% below 2010 levels by 2030 as required globally for a 1.5°C-consistent pathway.

1 | In its draft INDC, Peru identified a more ambitious scenario with additional emission reduction potentials. The target emission level under this scenario was 42% below BAU levels by 2030, incl. LULUCF.