Indonesia

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Overall rating: Critically insufficient

Policies and action against fair share: Highly insufficient; < 4°C World

Conditional NDC target against modelled domestic pathways: Critically insufficient; 4°C+ World

Unconditional NDC target against fair share: Highly insufficient; < 4°C World

Climate finance: Not applicable

Net zero target: year
2060; Comprehensiveness not rated as
Information incomplete

Land use & forestry: historically considered a
Source

References

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FAO (2024) FAOSTAT: Emissions totals data. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Faqih Rohman, S. and Kairini (2023) ‘Testing Trans Metro Pasundan Electric Bus for Leuwipanjang-Dago Route which Returns to Operation’, Kompas. Available at: https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2023/11/11/075644978/menjajal-bus-listrik-trans-metro-pasundan-rute-leuwipanjang-dago-yang?page=all#google_vignette
Forest Watch Indonesia (2024) Land Acquisition in the Nusantara Capital City (IKN): Remaining 20%, Who Benefits Most From the Ownership of Concession? Available at: https://fwi.or.id/en/land-acquisition-in-the-nusantara-capital-city-ikn-remaining-20-who-benefits-most-from-the-ownership-of-concession/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
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GIZ (2023) Promoting a Bus Rapid Transit system in Indonesian Cities (INDOBUS). Available at: https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/128951.html (Accessed: 23 October 2024)
Global Energy Monitor (2025) Global Coal Plant Tracker. Available at: https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Global Forest Watch (2025) Indonesia. Available at: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/IDN/?location=WyJjb3VudHJ5IiwiSUROIl0%3D (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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GRAIN (2015) Relaunching destruction in Papua: monoculture agriculture project threatens indigenous lands and livelihoods. Available at: https://grain.org/es/article/5247-relaunching-destruction-in-papua-monoculture-agriculture-project-threatens-indigenous-lands-and-livelihoods?trk=public_post_comment-text (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
Green Network (2024) ‘Food Estate Project in Central Kalimantan Could Lead to Long-Term Ecological Damage’, 23 February. Available at: https://greennetwork.asia/featured/food-estate-project-in-central-kalimantan-could-lead-to-long-term-ecological-damage/ (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
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ICAP (2023) Indonesian Economic Value of Carbon (Nilai Ekonomi Karbon) Trading Scheme. Available at: https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/indonesian-economic-value-carbon-nilai-ekonomi-karbon-trading-scheme (Accessed: 23 October 2024)
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Mongabay (2025a) ‘Nickel boom on an Indonesian island brings toxic seas, lost incomes, report says’, 23 July. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2025/07/nickel-boom-on-an-indonesian-island-brings-toxic-seas-lost-incomes-report-says/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Mongabay (2025b) ‘Political appointments in Indonesian climate program spark outcry over accountability’, 18 March. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2025/03/political-appointments-in-indonesian-climate-program-spark-outcry-over-accountability/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
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NASA Earth Observatory (2024) Nusantara: A New Capital City in the Forest. Available at: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/152471/nusantara-a-new-capital-city-in-the-forest (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
Norway’s International Climate and Forestry Initiative (2022) Norway’s Climate and Forest Partnership with Indonesia. Available at: https://www.nicfi.no/partner-countries/indonesia/
PwC (2024) Light rail transit: Competing for railway project in Bali. Available at: https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/june-2024/competing-for-railway-project-in-bali.html (Accessed: 23 October 2024)
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Reuters (2024b) ‘Indonesia to cut subsidised fuel sales to limit pollution, official says’, 13 September. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indonesia-cut-subsidised-fuel-sales-limit-pollution-official-says-2024-09-13/ (Accessed: 6 November 2025)
Reuters (2025) ‘Indonesia backpedals on retiring Cirebon coal power plant early’, 5 December. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indonesia-backpedals-retiring-cirebon-coal-power-plant-early-2025-12-05/ (Accessed: 5 December 2025)
Satya Bumi, Greenpeace, SPKS and Traction Energy Asia (2024) Oil Palm and Biodiesel: Trends, Deforestation, and Efforts to Protect Natural Forests. Available at: https://satyabumi.org/oil-palm-and-biodiesel-trends-deforestation-and-efforts-to-protect-natural-forests/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Semarang Department of Transportation (2022) ‘THE FIRST ELECTRIC BUS IN SEMARANG CITY’. Available at: https://dishub.ppid.semarangkota.go.id/2022/09/30/bus-listrik-pertama-di-kota-semarang/
Setyawan, H.Y., Sunyoto, N.M.S., Choirun, A., et al. (2024) ‘The potential of biochar-slurry fuel from agricultural wastes in Indonesia’, Cogent Engineering, 11(1). doi:10.1080/23311916.2024.2307201
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The Diplomat (2024) Cancellation of Nickel Investments Should Be a Wake-Up Call for Indonesia. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/cancellation-of-nickel-investments-should-be-a-wake-up-call-for-indonesia/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2022) ‘Food estate program dubbed “total failure” as technical problems persist’, 6 October. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2022/10/06/food-estate-program-dubbed-total-failure-as-technical-problems-persist.html
The Jakarta Post (2024a) ‘Illicit waste burning reaches alarming rate of 48% Indonesian households’, 3 October. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2024/10/03/illicit-waste-burning-reaches-alarming-rate-of-48-indonesian-households.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2024b) ‘RI overlooking energy efficiency in net-zero push, observers say’, 27 July. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2024/07/27/ri-overlooking-energy-efficiency-in-net-zero-push-observers-say.html (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
The Jakarta Post (2025a) ‘Electric two-wheeler incentives back in August, govt says’, 3 July. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/07/03/electric-two-wheeler-incentives-back-in-august-govt-says.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2025b) ‘Extension of small car incentive “contradicts” electrification push’, 22 July. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/07/22/extension-of-small-car-incentive-contradicts-electrification-push.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2025c) ‘Java no longer has power oversupply, ministry says’, 20 June. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/06/20/java-no-longer-has-power-oversupply-ministry-says.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2025d) ‘New “green” RUPTL risks sidelining, rather than empowering renewables’, 2 June. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/06/02/new-green-ruptl-risks-sidelining-rather-than-empowering-renewables.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2025e) ‘RI nickel lacks sufficient environmental oversight’, 18 June. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/06/18/ri-nickel-lacks-sufficient-environmental-oversight.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2025f) ‘Uncertainty over mandate, subsidies clouds biofuel future’, 23 July. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2025/07/23/uncertainty-over-mandate-subsidies-clouds-biofuelfuture.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Jakarta Post (2025g) ‘Waste processing rate in Indonesia only reaches 10 percent’, 26 June. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2025/06/26/waste-processing-rate-in-indonesiaonly-reaches10-percent.html (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
The Straits Times (2025) ‘Indonesia backtracks on coal phase-out in new 2034 power supply plan’, 26 May. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-plans-nearly-70gw-of-new-power-capacity-by-end-2034-including-coal (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
UNDP (2023) Indonesia receives USD 46 million for its stewardship in climate action and sustainable forest management. Available at: https://www.undp.org/indonesia/press-releases/indonesia-receives-usd-46-million-its-stewardship-climate-action-and-sustainable-forest-management
USAID (2023) ‘USAID Signs a Bilateral Agreement with the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry’. Available at: https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/jul-17-2023-usaid-signs-bilateral-agreement-indonesian-ministry-environment-and-forestry
USDA (2021) If at First You Do Not Succeed - An Overview of Indonesia’s Food Estate Project. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Available at: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=If+at+First+You+Do+Not+Succeed+-+An+Overview+of+Indonesia%27s+Food+Estate+Project_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-02-2021 (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
World Bank Group (2025) Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) - Indonesia. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=ID (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
WRI Indonesia (2021) 3 Reasons Why Food Estate Does Not Answer Food Security and Nutrition Agenda. Available at: https://wri-indonesia.org/en/insights/3-reasons-why-food-estate-does-not-answer-food-security-and-nutrition-agenda (Accessed: 24 October 2024)
WRI Indonesia (2024) Indonesia’s Path to Net-Zero Emission: Measuring Road Transport Emissions as the Foundation for a Sustainable Transport Policy. Available at: https://wri-indonesia.org/en/insights/indonesias-path-net-zero-emission-measuring-road-transport-emissions-foundation (Accessed: 23 October 2024)

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