Saudi Arabia

Abdulkareem, A., & Ellaboudy, A. (2025). Saudi Arabia: 2025 Mid-Year Emissions Report Card. In Climate Scorecard. https://www.climatescorecard.org/2025/08/saudi-arabia-2025-mid-year-emissions-report-card/

Aboalsaud, T. (2025). Over 151m trees planted under Saudi Green Initiative. In Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2610137/saudi-arabia

Al-Gahtani, S. (2024). Saudi Arabia’s Journey toward a Renewable Future. Energies, 17(11). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112444

Attarwala, F. (2024). Saudi Aramco Halts Plan to Raise Production Capacity. In Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/saudi-aramco-halts-plan-to-raise-production-capacity-8552180?

Bell, J. (2023). NEOM’s green hydrogen plant will secure Saudi Arabia’s clean energy transition: CEO. In Al Arabiya. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/2023/05/25/Saudi-s-green-hydrogen-plant-will-put-Kingdom-on-global-map-for-clean-energy-CEO

Bell, J., & Narayanan, A. (2023). Electric vehicle demand booms in Saudi Arabia amid move to green mobility. In Al Arabiya. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/06/21/Electric-vehicle-demand-booms-in-Saudi-Arabia-amid-move-to-green-mobility

Black, S., Liu, A., Parry, I., & Vernon, N. (2023). IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update. In International Monetary Fund. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2023/169/001.2023.issue-169-en.xml

Borgmann, M. (2016). Potentially Game-Changing Saudi Arabian Government Restructuring Bolsters 9.5 GW Renewable Energy Target by 2023. In Apricum. https://apricum-group.com/saudi-arabia-announces-9-5-gw-renewable-energy-target-new-king-salman-renewable-energy-initiative/?cn-reloaded=1

Cita EV. (2025). Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Market Size, Share & EV Demand 2030. In Cita EV. https://citaevcharger.com/blog/saudi-arabia-electric-vehicle-market-size-report/

Climate Action Tracker. (2023). CAT briefing: Pulling the plug on fossils in power.

Discover Green Hydrogen. (2025). Saudi Arabia to build world-leading green hydrogen hub in Yanbu. In Discover Green Hydrogen. https://www.discovergreenhydrogen.com/articles/hydrogen-news/2025/august/saudi-arabia-to-build-world-leading-green-hydrogen-hub-in-yanbu/

Ember. (2025). Yearly Electricity Data. Ember. https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/

Enerdata. (2024). Saudi Arabia plans to tender 6 GW of CCGT+CCS plants in 2025. In Enerdata. https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/saudi-arabia-plans-tender-6-gw-ccgtccs-plants-2025.html

Energy Institute. (2025). Statistical Review of World Energy. In Energy Institute. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review

Felimban, A., Prieto, A., Knaack, U., Klein, T., & Qaffas, Y. (2019). Assessment of Current Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Buildings, 9(7). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9070163

Global CCS Institute. (2025). Global Status of CCS 2025. In Global CCS Institute. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/global-status-report/

Godfrey, P. (2024). NEOM completes construction of light rail network. In ME Construction News. https://meconstructionnews.com/60136/neom-completes-construction-of-light-rail-network

IEA. (2023). Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach 2023 Update.

IEA. (2024). Saudi Arabia: Country Profile. In International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/countries/saudi-arabia/energy-mix

IEA. (2025a). Energy Statistics Data Browser: CO2 emissions by sector, Saudi Arabia, 1990-2023. In International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=SAUDIARABI&fuel=CO2%20emissions&indicator=CO2BySector

IEA. (2025b). Renewable Energy Progress Tracker. In International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/renewable-energy-progress-tracker

IPCC. (2018). IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C. IPCC.

James, E. (2024). Saudi Electricity Company reveals 2030 expenditure details. In MEED. https://meed.progressivedigitalmedia.com/saudi-electricity-company-reveals-2030-expenditure-details

Joseph, I. (2025). Saudi Arabia Pivots into Global LNG Market. In Center for Global Energy Policy at Columbia University. https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/saudi-arabia-pivots-into-global-lng-market/

Kamboj, P., Hejazi, M., Qiu, Y., Kyle, P., & Iyer, G. (2023). Long-Term Decarbonization Pathway for Saudi Arabia To Reach Net Zero GHG Emissions by 2060. In King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center. https://www.kapsarc.org/our-offerings/publications/long-term-decarbonization-pathway-for-saudi-arabia-to-reach-net-zero-ghg-emissions-by-2060

KAPSARC. (2023). Saudi Arabia’s Potential to Further Hydrogen Use in the Maritime Sector. In King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center. https://www.kapsarc.org/our-offerings/publications/saudi-arabia-s-potential-to-further-hydrogen-use-in-the-maritime-sector

KAPSARC. (2025). Carbon Markets and Saudi Arabia A Review of Options and Analysis of Carbon Crediting Potential. In King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center. https://www.kapsarc.org/media/k5vp0hqd/carbon-markets-and-saudi-arabia-a-review-of-options-and-analysis-of-carbon-crediting-potential.html

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2021a). His Royal Highness the Crown Prince announces the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2060. In Zawya. LSEG. https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/his-royal-highness-the-crown-prince-announces-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabias-aims-to-achieve-net-zero-emissions-sqq68im0

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2021b). Saudi Green Initiative. In Vision 2030. https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/explore/projects/saudi-green-initiative

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2021c). Saudi Arabia: Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution. In UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/202203111154---KSA%20NDC%202021.pdf

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2021d). Vision 2030. https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/media/cofh1nmf/vision-2030-overview.pdf

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2022). Saudi Arabia: Fourth National Communication. In UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/7123846_Saudi%20Arabia-NC4-1-Fourth%20National%20Communication%20NC4%20Kingdom%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia%20March%202022.pdf

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2023). Saudi Arabia announces 300% increase in installed renewables capacity, 43.9 million trees planted since launch of Saudi Green Initiative. In Saudi & Middle East Green Initiatives. https://www.sgi.gov.sa/knowledge-hub/saudi-arabia-announces-300-increase-in-installed-renewables-capacity-439-million-trees-planted-since-launch-of-saudi-green-initiative/

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2024a). GCOM Steps: Saudi Arabia’s Greenhouse Gas Crediting & Offsetting Mechanism. In Clean Development Mechanism Designated National Authority. https://gcom.cdmdna.gov.sa/Overall

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2024b). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: The Second Biennial Update Report (BUR 2) . In United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Kingdom%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia%C2%A0Bur2.pdf

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2024c). Saudi Building Code 2024. In Saudi Building Code. https://sbc.gov.sa/En/Pages/default.aspx

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2025). SGI target: reduce carbon emissions by 278 mtpa by 2030. In Saudi & Middle East Green Initiatives. https://www.sgi.gov.sa/about-sgi/sgi-targets/reduce-carbon-emissions/

Luomi, M., Yilmaz, F., Alshehri, T., & Howarth, N. (2021). The Circular Carbon Economy Index – Methodological Approach and Conceptual Framework. In King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center. https://www.kapsarc.org/our-offerings/publications/the-circular-carbon-economy-index-methodological-approach-and-conceptual-framework

Manuell, R. (2023). Saudi Arabia to launch domestic ‘Article 6-aligned’ carbon crediting system in 2024. In Carbon Pulse. https://carbon-pulse.com/227909/

NewClimate Institute, & Schneider, L. (2020). Future role for voluntary carbon markets in the Paris era. NewClimate Institute. https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/future-role-for-voluntary-carbon-markets-in-the-paris-era

OBG. (2020). The Report: Saudi Arabia 2020. In Oxford Business Group. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/saudi-arabia/2020-report

Oliphant, E., Metz, A., & Ignaciuk, K. (2022). Challenges and opportunities in Saudi Arabia’s green mobility expansion. In Apricum. https://apricum-group.com/challenges-and-opportunities-in-saudi-arabias-green-mobility-expansion-plans/?cn-reloaded=1&cn-reloaded=1

Parry, I., & Black, S. (2021). Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies. In International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/09/23/Still-Not-Getting-Energy-Prices-Right-A-Global-and-Country-Update-of-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-466004

RCRC. (2025). King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport. In Royal Commission for Riyadh City. https://www.rcrc.gov.sa/en/projects/king-abdulaziz-project-for-riyadh-public-transport-2/#:~:text=Metro%20network%20and%20stations,%2C%20commercial%2C%20and%20medical%20institutions.

RE Global. (2023). Transmission Ties: Saudi Arabia’s regional connections. In RE Global. https://reglobal.org/transmission-ties-saudi-arabias-regional-connections/

Sánchez, A. (2025). Energy Efficiency in Residential Sector in Saudi Arabia. In EcoMENA. https://www.ecomena.org/energy-efficiency-in-residential-sector-in-saudi-arabia/

Saudi Arabia Transport & Mobility. (2025). Saudi EV Ecosystem Growth: A $4.8 Billion Revolution by 2030. In Eurogroup Consulting. https://saudimobilityconsulting.com/saudi-ev-ecosystem-growth-a-4-8-billion-revolution-by-2030/

Saudi Gazette. (2020). Riyadh Metro to open partially by end of year. In Saudi Gazette. https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/595199/SAUDI-ARABIA/Riyadh-Metro-to-open-partially-by-end-of-year

SPA. (2020). GAZT: VAT of 15% Goes into Effect in July, 2020. In Saudi Press Agency. https://www.spa.gov.sa/2085204

SPA. (2025). Saudi Arabia’s non-oil exports surge 113% since Vision 2030 launch. In Saudi Press Agency. https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N2306497

Tamo, O., & Ratcliffe, V. (2022). Saudi Arabia Holds Middle East’s First Carbon Offset Auction. In Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-25/saudi-fund-sets-up-carbon-market-firm-to-support-net-zero-goal

The CCUS Hub. (2023). Aramco Jubail. In Oil and Gas Climate Initiative. https://ccushub.ogci.com/focus_hubs/aramco-jubail-ccs-hub/

UNFCCC. (2020). National Inventory Submissions 2020. In United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/ghg-inventories-annex-i-parties/2020

Wilson, T., & Tani, S. (2024). Saudi Arabia ditches plan to raise oil production. In Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/136f89a8-f8d2-427e-a633-377104c837ea

World Bank. (2023). Forest area (% of land area) - Saudi Arabia. In World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?name_desc=true&locations=SA