Viet Nam

APEC. 2022. APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook (8th Edition). https://www.apec.org/publications/2022/09/apec-energy-demand-and-supply-outlook-(8th-edition)---volume-i.

ASEM Connect. 2023. “Vietnam’s Coal Imports Reached More than 41.3 Million Tonnes in 10 Months.” http://asemconnectvietnam.gov.vn/default.aspx?id1=2&ID8=133267.

Asia News Network. 2023. “Severe Drought Affects Electricity Production of Northern Hydropower Plants.” https://asianews.network/severe-drought-affects-electricity-production-of-northern-hydropower-plants/.

B-Company. 2024. Forestry in Vietnam and Digitalization. https://b-company.jp/forestry-vietnam-and-digitalization/.

B-Company. 2025a. Green Buildings in Vietnam: Current Situation and Growth Potential. https://b-company.jp/green-buildings-in-vietnam-current-situation-and-growth-potential/.

B-Company. 2025b. Implementation of Waste Sorting at Source in Vietnam Starting in 2025. https://b-company.jp/implementation-of-waste-sorting-at-source-in-vietnam-starting-in-2025/.

CIC. 2024. CIC Implements Greenhouse Gas Inventory and EPD for Steel and Cement Industry Enterprises. https://www.cic.com.vn/cic-implements-greenhouse-gas-inventory-and-epd-for-steel-and-cement-industry-enterprises-ne295.html.

Climate Analytics. 2021. “Why Gas Is the New Coal.” https://climateanalytics.org/media/gas_is_new_coal_nov_2021_1_1.pdf.

Do, Thang Nam, and Paul J. Burke. 2023. “Phasing out Coal Power in a Developing Country Context: Insights from Vietnam.”

Ember. 2022. “Solar Helped Avoid Billions for 7 Asian Countries.” https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/the-sunny-side-of-asia/#supporting-material.

Ember. 2025. “Electricity Data Explorer - Viet Nam 2025.” https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer.

Enerdata. 2023. “Vietnam Completes the Construction of Its First LNG Import Terminal (1 Mt/Year).” https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/vietnam-completes-construction-its-first-lng-import-terminal-1-mtyear.html.

Enerdata. 2025. “Vietnam Launches Pilot Phase of a New ETS to Cover 50% of Its CO2 Emissions | Enerdata.” https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/vietnam-launches-pilot-phase-new-ets-cover-50-its-co2-emissions.html.

Energy Institute. 2025. Statistical Review of World Energy 2025. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/home.

EREA & DEA. 2021. “Vietnam Energy Outlook 2021.” https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Globalcooperation/vietnam_energy_outlook_report_2021_english.pdf.

European Comission. 2025. “Viet Nam Promotes the Just Energy Transition Projects, Advancing Implementation of JETP Political Declaration | EEAS.” https://www.eeas.europa.eu/jetp-vn-jul2025_en?s=184.

European Commission. 2022. “Political Declaration on Establishing the Just Energy Transition Partnership with Viet Nam.” https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_7724.

EVN. 2021. “Annual Report 2021.”

FRASERS. 2025. “Vietnam Electricity Law 2024.” https://www.frasersvn.com/legal-updates-and-publications/vietnam-s-electricity-law-2024.

Global Energy Monitor. 2025. “Global Coal Plant Tracker - July 2025.” https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/.

Government of Viet Nam. 2021. “Viet Nam. Biennial Update Report (BUR). BUR 3. | UNFCCC.” https://unfccc.int/documents/273504.

Government of Viet Nam. 2023. Resources Mobilization Plan: Implementing Viet Nam’s Just ENergy Transition Partnership (JETP). https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-12/RMP_Viet%20Nam_Eng_%28Final%20to%20publication%29.pdf.

GREENCIC. 2023. “Policy Brief For Preparation of Just Energy Transition Partnership Implementation in Viet Nam - Financial Aspect.”

Guarascio, Francesco, and Francesco Guarascio. 2025. “Over $13 Billion in Solar, Wind Investment at Risk in Vietnam, Industry Letter Says.” Reuters, March 10.

Gütschow, Johannes, Daniel Busch, and Mika Pflüger. 2024. “The PRIMAP-Hist National Historical Emissions Time Series (1750-2023) v2.6.”

ho, phuong. 2025. “New Electricity Law: Shaping The Future Direction Of The Energy Sector.” https://ykvn-law.com/vi/new-electricity-law-shaping-the-future-direction-of-the-energy-sector/.

ICAP. 2025. “Vietnam Issues Rules for Pilot ETS, Launching August 2025 | International Carbon Action Partnership.” https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/vietnam-issues-rules-pilot-ets-launching-august-2025.

ICCT. 2025. Fuel Consumption Baseline Analysis for Two-Wheelers in Vietnam, 2017–2021. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ID-250-–-Vietnam-two-wheelers_report_final.pdf.

IEA. 2025. “Viet Nam.” https://www.iea.org/countries/viet-nam.

IMARC. 2025. Vietnam Electric Two-Wheeler Market Size and Report 2033. https://www.imarcgroup.com/vietnam-electric-two-wheeler-market.

Intelligence, E. O. S. 2025. “Vietnam’s Power Move: Policies Fuel a Green Energy Revolution.” https://www.eos-intelligence.com/perspectives/energy-resources/vietnams-power-move-policies-fuel-a-green-energy-revolution/.

International Rivers and Vietnam Climate Defenders Coalition. 2024. The Missing “Just”: In Vietnam’s Just Energy Transition Partnership ( JETP). https://www.internationalrivers.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/86/2024/06/Vietnam-JETP-Report-English.pdf.

IRENA. 2022. “Renewable Energy Outlook for ASEAN: Towards a Regional Energy Transition.” www.irena.org.

IRRI. 2024. Vietnam’s 1-Million Hectare Rice Program Shows Promising Results | International Rice Research Institute. https://www.irri.org/news-and-events/news/vietnam%E2%80%99s-1-million-hectare-rice-program-shows-promising-results.

IUCN. 2022. “Grid Integration of Renewables.” https://www.iucn.org/news/viet-nam/202205/grid-integration-renewables.

Law No. 72/2020/QH14 on Environmental Protection – Policies. 2024. https://www.iea.org/policies/18356-law-no-722020qh14-on-environmental-protection.

Le, Huong, Francisco Posada, and Zifei Yang. 2022. Electric Two-Wheeler Market Growth in Vietnam: An Overview. International Council of Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/asia-pacific-lvs-NDC-TIA-E2W-mkt-growth-Vietnam-nov22.pdf.

LTN & Partners. 2024. “Challenges for Rooftop Solar Systems in Vietnam in 2024.” https://www.lntpartners.com/legal-briefing/challenges-for-rooftop-solar-systems-in-vietnam-in-2024?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

Ministry of Agriculture and Environmentg. 2025. “Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Develops Low-Emission Crop Production Plan.” https://en.mae.gov.vn:443/Pages/chi-tiet-tin-Eng.aspx?ItemID=8938.

MoIT. 2019. Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Program 2019-2030. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/598851561961183317/pdf/Vietnam-National-Energy-Efficiency-Program-2019-2030.pdf.

MoIT. n.d. ENHANCING VIETNAM’S GRID STABILITY WITH BESS. https://energyalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GEAPP_BESS_Report_Vietnam_June2024.pdf.

Naidu, Zach. 2018. “Vietnam Nuclear Power Suspension.” http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/naidu2/.

Nangoy, Fransiska, and Fransiska Nangoy. 2025. “US Withdrawal from Indonesia Coal Phase-down Plan to Have Limited Impact, Official Says.” Reuters, June 26.

NDC Transport Initiative for Asia. 2024. Vietnam’s Ministry of Transport Makes a Groundbreaking Move in Its Action Plan to Accelerate Energy Transition. https://www.ndctransportinitiativeforasia.org/news/-vietnam-mot-decision1679-transport-decarbonization.

News. 2023. “Vietnam’s forest coverage remains at 42.02%: agriculture ministry.” https://english.vtv.vn/news/vietnams-forest-coverage-remains-at-4202-agriculture-ministry-20230701171850271.htm.

NUCNET. 2025. “Vietnam To Hold Talks With Reactor Suppliers As Plans Move Ahead To Revive Nuclear Programme.” https://www.nucnet.org/news/vietnam-to-hold-talks-with-reactor-suppliers-as-plans-move-ahead-to-revive-nuclear-programme-2-5-2025.

Reccessary. 2025a. “U.S. Exit from JETP Threatens $3 Billion Green Financing for Indonesia, Vietnam | NEWS.” https://www.reccessary.com/en/news/us-pulls-back-from-climate-financing-commitment-in-jetp.

Reccessary. 2025b. “Vietnam Launches Emissions Trading Pilot amid Doubts over Effectiveness | NEWS.” https://www.reccessary.com/en/news/challenges-loom-as-vietnam-unveils-ets-pilot-for-heavy-emitters.

Reuters. 2025a. “Over $13 Billion in Solar, Wind Investment at Risk in Vietnam, Industry Letter Says | Reuters.” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/over-13-billion-solar-wind-investment-risk-vietnam-industry-letter-says-2025-03-10/.

Reuters. 2025b. “Vietnam Launches First Phase of Emissions Trading Scheme | Reuters.” https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/vietnam-launches-first-phase-emissions-trading-scheme-2025-06-11/.

Saigon Times. 2025. Emission Quotas to Be Allocated for Power, Cement Plants by Year-End. https://english.thesaigontimes.vn/emission-quotas-to-be-allocated-for-power-cement-plants-by-year-end/.

Sasges, Gerard, and Alan D. Ziegler. 2023. “We Have Eaten the Rivers: The Past, Present, and Unsustainable Future of Hydroelectricity in Vietnam.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 15(11):8969–8969. doi:10.3390/SU15118969/S1.

S&P Global. 2024. Vietnam Expedites Domestic Carbon Market Development to Tackle CBAM, Article 6. https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/energy-transition/052424-vietnam-expedites-domestic-carbon-market-development-to-tackle-cbam-article-6.

S&P Global. 2025. “Vietnam to Start Pilot Emission Trading in 2025, Allow Offsetting 30% Emissions.” https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/energy-transition/061125-vietnam-to-start-pilot-emission-trading-in-2025-allow-offsetting-30-emissions.

The Asset. 2025. “Vietnam Steps up Gas-Fired Power Projects.” https://www.theasset.com/article/53385/vietnam-steps-up-gas-fired-power-projects.

The Coal Trader. 2023. “Vietnam’s Coal Imports in 2023 Increase 60% YoY.” https://thecoaltrader.com/vietnams-coal-imports-in-2023-increase-60-yoy/.

The Investor. 2025. “$15.5 Bln Just Energy Transition Partnership Picks 8 Projects in Vietnam, Not yet Disburse.” https://theinvestor.vn/155-bln-just-energy-transition-partnership-picks-8-projects-in-vietnam-not-yet-disburse-d14600.html.

The Saigon Times. 2025. “Vietnam Secures over US$7 Billion for Clean Energy Projects under JETP.” https://english.thesaigontimes.vn/vietnam-secures-over-us7-billion-for-clean-energy-projects-under-jetp/.

theinvestor.vn. 2025a. “Vietnam Spends $1.8 Bln on Coal Imports in Q1, Mainly for Power Plants.” https://theinvestor.vn/vietnam-spends-18-bln-on-coal-imports-in-q1-mainly-for-power-plants-d15539.html.

theinvestor.vn. 2025b. “Vietnam’s Nuclear Power Plant Can Operate in 2035 at Earliest: Ministry.” https://theinvestor.vn/vietnams-first-nuclear-power-plant-can-operate-in-2035-at-earliest-ministry-d14422.html.

UNIDO. 2024. Preliminary Roadmap for Industrial Decarbonization – Vietnam. https://decarbonization.unido.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/vietnam-decarb-roadmap_january-2024.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

Viet Nam Circular Economy. 2025. National Action Plan on Circular Economy Approved. https://vietnamcirculareconomy.vn/policy-library/ke-hoach-hanh-dong-quoc-gia-ve-kinh-te-tuan-hoan-duoc-phe-duyet/.

Viet Nam Government. 2019. Viet Nam. National Communication (NC). NC 3. | UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/documents/192805.

Viet Nam Government. 2022a. “687/QD-TTg in Vietnam, Decision 687/QD-TTg 2022 the Scheme for Circular Economy Development in Vietnam.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Thuong-mai/Decision-687-QD-TTg-2022-the-scheme-for-circular-economy-development-in-Vietnam/516871/tieng-anh.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2022b. “876/QD-TTg in Vietnam, Decision 876/QD-TTg 2022 Program for Mitigation of Carbon Dioxide from Transportation in Vietnam.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Giao-thong-Van-tai/Decision-876-QD-TTg-2022-program-for-mitigation-of-carbon-dioxide-from-transportation/523955/tieng-anh.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2022c. “896/QD-TTg in Vietnam, Decision 896/QD-TTg 2022 Approving the National Strategy for Climate Change until 2050 in Vietnam.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Decision-896-QD-TTg-2022-approving-the-National-strategy-for-climate-change-until-2050/525126/tieng-anh.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2022d. “Decision No. 942/QD-TTg on Approving Action Plan for Methane Emissions Reduction by 2030.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Decision-942-QD-TTg-2022-approving-action-plan-for-methane-emissions-reduction/526275/tieng-anh.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2022e. SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) (UPDATED IN 2022). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-11/Viet Nam_NDC_2022_Eng.pdf.

Viet Nam Government. 2023a. “Decision 500/QD-TTg 2023 Approving the National Electricity Development Plan for the Period 2021-2030, Vision to 2050.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuong-mai/Quyet-dinh-500-QD-TTg-2023-Quy-hoach-phat-trien-dien-luc-quoc-gia-2021-2030-tam-nhin-2050-566461.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2023b. “Decision to Approve the Master Plan on National Energy for the Period 2021-2030, Vision to 2050.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-893-QD-TTg-2023-Quy-hoach-tong-the-nang-luong-quoc-gia-2021-2030-tam-nhin-2050-573960.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2024. “Vietnam’s Additional Regulation on Temporary Use of Forests from March 6, 2024.” https://thuvienphapluat.vn/chinh-sach-phap-luat-moi/vn/thong-bao-van-ban-moi/email/61144/vietnam-s-additional-regulation-on-temporary-use-of-forests-from-march-6-2024.

Viet Nam Government. 2025a. Amendment to National Electricity Development Planiing of 2021-2030 Period and Vision to 2050 (2025 PDP8). https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Decision-768-QD-TTg-2025-approving-amendment-to-national-electricity-development/658055/tieng-anh.aspx.

Viet Nam Government. 2025b. “Decision 232/QD-TTg 2025 Project on the Establishment and Development of a Carbon Market in Vietnam.” https://english.luatvietnam.vn/tai-nguyen/decision-232-qd-ttg-2025-project-on-the-establishment-and-development-of-a-carbon-market-in-vietnam-387171-d1.html.

Vietnam Briefing News. 2024. “Vietnam’s New Electricity Law: Boosting Renewable Energy.” https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnams-new-electricity-law-legal-framework-renewable-energy.html/.

VietNamNet. 2023. “Vietnam Spends US$4.3 Billion on Importing Nearly 30 Million Tonnes of Coal.” https://vietnamnet.vn/en/vietnam-spends-us-4-3-billion-on-importing-nearly-30-million-tonnes-of-coal-2177743.html.

Vn Economy. 2025a. Vietnam to Allocate Emissions Quotas to Top 150 Polluters. https://en.vneconomy.vn/vietnam-to-allocate-emissions-quotas-to-top-150-polluters.htm.

Vn Economy. 2025b. Vietnam’s Green Building Certifications Sharply Increase, Exceeding Targets. https://en.vneconomy.vn/vietnams-green-building-certifications-sharply-increase-exceeding-targets.htm.

VNEEC. 2023. “Policy Brief For Preparation of Just Energy Transition Partnership Implementation in Vietnam - Just and Equity Aspect.”

VNEEP. 2025a. New Points on the Amendment of the Law on Energy Efficiency and Conservation. https://vneec.gov.vn/tin-tuc/news/t42756/new-points-on-the-amendment-of-the-law-on-energy-efficiency-and-conservation.

VNEEP. 2025b. “Policy Breakthrough on Energy Efficiency and Conservation in the Green Era.” https://vneec.gov.vn/tin-tuc/news/t42855/policy-breakthrough-on-energy-efficiency-and-conservation-in-the-green-era.

World Bank. 2023. “Making Public Investment Work for Growth.” https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099408408092319382/pdf/IDU0301a3e760c732046e509d3106e81810de4b9.pdf.