Philippines

ABS-CBN News. (2022, May 23). Marcos reviewing South Korea recommendations on nuclear plant revival. ABS-CBN News.

ADB. (2024). ADB Expands Support for Philippines’ Climate Action with $500 Million Loan. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/news/adb-expands-support-philippines-climate-action-500-million-loan#:~:text=MANILA%2C%20PHILIPPINES%20(26%20November%202024,efforts%20to%20tackle%20climate%20change

Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. (2023, March 22). The Black Tide: Philippines’ Oil Spill Causes Ecological Disaster, Loss of Livelihoods. https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/black-tide-philippines-oil-spill-causes-ecological-disaster

Bellini, E. (2022). Philippines allocates 1.57 GW of solar in 2 GW renewables auction. Pv Magazine.

BusinessWorld. (2024). Electric vehicle incentive scheme could be issued before end of year.

Cabico, G. K. (2023). Gas expansion around Verde Island Passage increases risk of another oil spill — groups. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/climate-and-environment/2023/03/10/2250702/gas-expansion-around-verde-island-passage-increases-risk-another-oil-spill-groups

Carbon Brief. (2024). Record-breaking Philippines typhoon season was ‘supercharged’ by climate change. https://www.carbonbrief.org/record-breaking-philippines-typhoon-season-was-supercharged-by-climate-change/

CAT. (2023). Clean electricity within a generation Paris-aligned benchmarks for the power sector. Climate Action Tracker. Climate Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/paris-aligned-benchmarks-power-sector/

CCC. (2020). Philippine NDC Multi-Stakeholder Consultations. Facebook Inc.

CCC. (2022). Philippines NDC Quick Facts. Climate Change Commission. https://niccdies.climate.gov.ph/files/documents/Philippines%20NDC%20Quick%20Facts.pdf

CCC & DENR. (2024). National Adaptation Plan of the Philippines.

Chang, K., Abante, K. I. I., Mariano, P., Sevilla, J. P., Siy, R. Y. Jr., & Ugay, J. C. F. (2021). The Systemic Shortage in Philippine Public Transportation: The Impact of the Infrastructure Flagship Project Pipeline on the Mobility Needs of the Greater Capital Region and Recommendations to Bridge the Gap. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22505.62563

Climate Analytics. (2022). Fossil gas: a bridge to nowhere. https://climateanalytics.org/publications/fossil-gas-a-bridge-to-nowhere

Climate Analytics. (2025). The impact of global climate pledges on national action: a snapshot across Asia.

Congressional Policy and Budget Research Department of the House of Representatives. (2025). Full Speed Ahead: Revitalizing the Philippine Rail Transport System.

Crismundo, K. (2022). Duterte approves inclusion of nuclear power in PH energy mix. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168931

Crismundo, K. (2023). DOE urges firms to participate in green energy auction in June. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1198882

Crismundo, K. (2024). PH, SoKor to start feasibility study on Bataan nuke plant next year. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1234940

Cruz, R. (2023). House panel OKs nuclear energy bill. https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/22/23/house-panel-oks-nuclear-energy-bill

Department of Energy. (2022). Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2020-2040. https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/pep/PEP 2022-2040 Final eCopy_20220819.pdf?withshield=1

Department of Energy. (2023). Electric Vehicle Industry Dashboard. https://www.doe.gov.ph/announcements/electric-vehicle-industry-dashboard

Department of Energy. (2024). Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2023-2050. https://doe.gov.ph/pep

Department of Transportation. (2024). Philippines Economic Briefing: Navigating PH’s Investment Landscape: Where to Invest?

Electric Vehicle Industry Development Act (EVIDA), Pub. L. No. Republic Act (R.A.) No. 11697 (2022). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2022/04apr/20220415-RA-11697-RRD.pdf

Ember. (2024). Indonesia and the Philippines coal dependency surges past China and Poland.

Ember. (2025). Electricity Data Explorer. https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/

Executive Order No. 12. (2023). Executive Order No. 12, s. 2023, Pub. L. No. Temporarily modifying the rates of import duty on electric vehicles, parts, and components under section 1611 of Republic Act No. 10863, “Customs modernization and tariff act.”https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2023/01jan/20220113-EO-12-FRM.pdf

Fuentes, A. (2025). Philippines now has over 900 EV charging stations: Energy dept. https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/business/2025/4/1/philippines-now-has-over-900-ev-charging-stations-energy-dept-1409

Galang, G. (2024). NGCP to implement over P600 billion in transmission projects. https://mb.com.ph/2024/11/13/ngcp-p600-b-power-boost

Global Energy Monitor. (2025). Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker (January 2025).

Global Forest Watch. (2022). Philippines Deforestation Rates & Statistics. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/PHL

GOGEL. (2024). Philippines: LNG Boom in the Verde Island Passage.

Government of the Philippines. (2025). 2024 Biennial Transparency Report.

Guno, C. S., Collera, A. A., & Agaton, C. B. (2021). Barriers and Drivers of Transition to Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010046

Gütschow, J., Busch, D., & Pflüger, M. (2024). The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. https://primap.org/primap-hist/

Gütschow, J., Günther, A., & Pflüger, M. (2022). The PRIMAP-Hist national historical emissions time series  (1990-2021).

Gütschow, J., Günther, A., & Pflüger, M. (2023). The PRIMAP-Hist national historical emissions time series  (1990-2022).

IAEA. (2022). After 34-Year Gap, the Philippines has a Nuclear Facility Again. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/after-34-year-gap-the-philippines-has-a-nuclear-facility-again

ICIS. (2024). Overview of LNG, gas infrastructure in the Philippines.

ICSC. (2024). Forced outages of power plants result in tight power supply in May. Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities. https://icsc.ngo/forced-outages-of-power-plants-result-in-tight-power-supply-in-may/

IEA. (2023). A global target to double efficiency progress is essential to keep net zero on the table.

IEA. (2024). Global EV Outlook 2024. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/a9e3544b-0b12-4e15-b407-65f5c8ce1b5f/GlobalEVOutlook2024.pdf

IEA. (2024c). Philippines. https://www.iea.org/countries/philippines

IEEFA. (2023). Draft natural gas rules in the Philippines ignore high costs and economic consequences.

IEEFA. (2024). Global LNG Outlook 2024-2028.

IFHV. (2023). Disaster Risk and Diversity – The WorldRiskReport 2023. https://www.ifhv.de/news/WorldRiskReport2023

Inquirer. (2024). LIST: Suspended onsite classes due to heat on April 5, Friday. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1926447/suspended-classes-on-april-5-friday

International Railway Journal. (2022, October 5). Work starts on Metro Manila Subway. International Railway Journal. https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/work-starts-on-metro-manila-subway/

IRENA. (2024). Energy Profile Philippines. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Asia/Philippines_Asia_RE_SP.pdf

Mercurio, R. (2022). Nuclear energy still a long term option for Philippines. The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/10/03/2213788/nuclear-energy-still-long-term-option-philippines

Monzon, A. M. (2025). EV sales in PH seen hitting 20,000 in 2025. https://business.inquirer.net/508320/ev-sales-in-ph-seen-hitting-20000-in-2025

NEDA. (2023). Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028. https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PDP-2023-2028.pdf

NICCDIES. (2024). Philippine Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management and Reporting System 2015 and 2020 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports. https://niccdies.climate.gov.ph/files/documents/2015%20and%202020%20National%20GHGI%20Executive%20Brief.pdf

Philippine Daily Inquirer. (2024). ADB extends fresh $500-M loan. https://business.inquirer.net/495946/adb-extends-fresh-500-m-loan

Philippine News Agency. (2025). Marcos OKs natural gas industry development law.

Philippines Government. (2021). Nationally Determined Contribution.

Philippines News Agency. (2024a). 1,200-MW nuclear power capacity using SMR technologies eyed in 2032.

Philippines News Agency. (2024b). PH in the midst of ‘railway renaissance’ – Marcos.

PhilStar. (2022). Philippines calls on Indonesia to end coal ban. https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/01/11/2153202/philippines-calls-indonesia-end-coal-ban

PhilStar. (2023). Electric vehicles tax breaks pave way for “green traffic” in Philippine roads, says Gatchalian. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/climate-and-environment/2023/03/06/2249686/electric-vehicles-tax-breaks-pave-way-green-traffic-philippine-roads-says-gatchalian

Power Philippines News. (2023). Fitch Solutions: PH NatGas Future Uncertain with Malampaya Depletion. https://powerphilippines.com/fitch-solutions-ph-natgas-future-uncertain-with-malampaya-depletion/

ProtectVIP. (2024). Verde Island Passage.

Rajamani, L., Jeffery, L., Höhne, N., Hans, F., Glass, A., Ganti, G., & Geiges, A. (2021). National ‘fair shares’ in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law. Climate Policy, 21(8), 983–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1970504

Ravago, M. (2022). The Nature and Causes of High Philippine Electricity Price and Potential Remedies. https://www.ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/2023-01/AdMU%20WP%202023-01_0.pdf

Republic of the Philippines. (2020). Build, Build, Build - Homepage. http://www.build.gov.ph/Home/Projects/agency%3DDOTr?page=3&agency=DOTr

Reuters. (2022, October 22). Philippines sees room for LNG despite renewables push. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/philippines-sees-room-lng-despite-renewables-push-2022-10-23/

Reuters. (2023). Asian Development Bank to provide $10 bln climate finance for Philippines. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/asian-development-bank-provide-10-bln-climate-finance-philippines-2023-12-04/

Reuters. (2024a). ADB approves $500 mln loan for Philippines’ climate change efforts. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/sustainable-finance-reporting/adb-approves-500-mln-loan-philippines-climate-change-efforts-2024-11-26/

Reuters. (2024b). Philippines extends zero tariff policy on electric vehicles, parts until 2028.

Reynolds, S. (2022). Delays of LNG terminals in the Philippines reflect supply and cost uncertainties. https://ieefa.org/resources/delays-lng-terminals-philippines-reflect-supply-and-cost-uncertainties

Ricardo, M. E. (2022). Drivers, Roadblocks and Status Quo of Renewable Energy Transition in The Philippines: A Literature Review. Journal of Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources, 8(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.46610/JOARES.2022.v08i03.001

Tresvalles, J. (2023). Import taxes for EVs suspended for five years with Executive Order No.12. AutoDeal. https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/import-taxes-evs-suspended-five-years-executive-order-no-12

UN Climate Change Conference (COP26). (2021). Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement. https://ukcop26.org/global-coal-to-clean-power-transition-statement/

U.S. Department of State. (2024). U.S.-Philippines Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement Enters into Force.

US EPA. (2019). Global non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections & Mitigation.

Velasco, M. M. (2023). DOE eyeing rollout of 6.3M EVs until 2040. Manila Bulletin.

Wingfield-Hayes, R. (2023). Philippines: The 70s nuclear relic that may open at last. BBC News.

World Bank. (2022). Offshore Wind Roadmap for the Philippines.