Thailand

Overall rating: Critically insufficient

Policies & actions: Critically insufficient; 4°C+ World

Internationally supported target: Critically insufficient; 4°C+ World

Fair share target: Critically insufficient; 4°C+ World

Climate finance: Not applicable

Net zero target: year
2065; Comprehensiveness rated as
Average

Land use & forestry: historically considered a
Sink

References

ADB (2021) Economic indicators for Thailand, Asian Development Outlook. Available at: https://www.adb.org/countries/thailand/economy.
Amir, J. (2020) Thai government announces EV roadmap, IHS Markit. Available at: https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/thai-government-announces-ev-roadmap.html.
APEC (2019) APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook, 7th Edition - Volume II. Available at: https://www.apec.org/Publications/2019/05/APEC-Energy-Demand-and-Supply-Outlook-7th-Edition---Volume-II.
APERC (2017) Compendium Of Energy Efficiency Policies in APEC Economies: Thailand. Available at: https://aperc.or.jp/file/2017/11/17/19_THA.pdf.
Apisitniran, L. (2020) Roadmap sees Asean EV hub by 2025, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1876654/roadmap-sees-asean-ev-hub-by-2025.
Arunmas, P. (2020) National strategic plan requires revamp, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1927948/national-strategic-plan-requires-revamp.
Bangkok Post (2018) New laws chased to boost afforestation, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1518826/new-laws-chased-to-boost-afforestation.
Bangkok Post (2021) Clear EV plan is a must, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2091151/clear-ev-plan-is-a-must.
BOI (2018) Thailand 4.0 - a new value-based economy, Thailand Board of Investment.
BP (2020) Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020 | 69th Edition.
Chokewinyoo, P. and Khanayai, P. (2013) Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in Thailand. Available at: https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/501/mod_page/content/87/report_thailand.pdf.
Ember (2021) Global Electricity Review 2021. Available at: https://ember-climate.org/project/global-electricity-review-2021/.
EPPO (2007) Energy Conservation Promotion Act. Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://www.eppo.go.th/images/law/ENG/nation2-1-E.pdf.
EPPO (2021) Energy Statistics of Thailand, EPPO. Available at: http://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/en/en-energystatistics/summary-statistic?orders[publishUp]=publishUp&issearch=1.
Global Forest Watch (no date) Thailand Assessment.
GlobalData (2021) Vehicle excise tax restructuring to support EV sales in Thailand, GlobalData. Available at: https://www.globaldata.com/vehicle-excise-tax-restructuring-support-ev-sales-thailand-says-globaldata/.
Government of the Kingdom of Thailand (2020a) Thailand’s Third National Communication. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Thailand TNC.pdf.
Government of the Kingdom of Thailand (2020b) ‘Thailand’s Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution’. Available at: https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Thailand First/Thailand Updated NDC.pdf.
Greenpeace (2020) Southeast Asia Power Sector Scorecard. Available at: https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-southeastasia-stateless/2020/09/8f7592a7-gpsea-southeast-asia-power-sector-scorecard-report-170920-fv7.pdf (Accessed: 14 October 2020).
Gütschow, J.; Günther, A.; Jeffery, L.; Gieseke, R. (2021) ‘The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1850-2018) (Version 2.2)’. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4479172.
Hong, C.-S. (2019) Thailand’s Renewable Energy Transitions: A Pathway to Realize Thailand 4.0, The Diplomat. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/thailands-renewable-energy-transitions-a-pathway-to-realize-thailand-4-0/#!/%23.
ICAP (2021) Thailand. Available at: https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=81.
IEA (2019) World Energy Outlook 2019. Paris, France: International Energy Agency. Available at: https://www.iea.org/weo2019/.
IEA (2021a) CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2021 Edition.
IEA (2021b) The potential role of carbon pricing in Thailand’s power sector. Available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/64891eca-ec64-4dd8-9ca0-e83ede9d31c4/The_Potential_Role_of_Carbon_Pricing_in_Thailands_Power_Sector.pdf.
IMF (2021) ‘World Economic Outlook Update: April 2021’. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEO.
IRENA (2017) Renewable Energy Outlook Thailand. Abu Dhabi. Available at: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Nov/IRENA_Outlook_Thailand_2017.pdf.
Lecksiwilai, N. et al. (2017) ‘LCA of biofuels in Thailand using Thai Ecological Scarcity method’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 142(3), pp. 1183–1191. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.054.
Lecksiwilai, N. and Gheewala, S. (2020) ‘Life cycle assessment of biofuels in Thailand: Implications of environmental trade-offs for policy decisions’, Sustainable Production and Consumption, 22, pp. 178–185. doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2020.03.004.
Medina, A. (2020) Thailand Issues Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicle Industry, Asean Briefing. Available at: https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/thailand-issues-tax-incentives-for-electric-vehicle-industry/.
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (2017) The Twenty-Year Agriculture and Cooperative Strategy (2017-2036) and the Five-Year Agriculture Development Plan (2017-2021). Available at: http://www.mnre.go.th/oops/th/view/?file=pTMgMUqjGP5gZJp5qQMcAUtlpQIgAap0GQWgAJplqQIcZKtgpQSgBKpkGQWgBJp0qQMcAUtlpQIgZap1GQSgAJpjqQWcZUt4pQSgZUplGP1gMJqfqTycMatipTIgoUqcGTMgY2q1qTycA3tmpQSgY3qxGTSgo2qfqUOcqKti&n=strategic20year_eng&t=GTMgq2qxqS9cMUug.
Ministry of Energy (2017) Future of Energy Efficiency in Thailand. Available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/imports/events/613/TheFutureofEnergyEfficiencyinThailandWisaruthMaethasith.pdf.
Ministry of Energy (2018) Thailand’s Gas Policy. Available at: https://energy.go.th/2015/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/S5_13a_Thailand-Gas-Policy-Directions.pdf.
Ministry of Energy (2019a) Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018. Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/Alternative%20Energy%20Development%20Plan%202018-2037%20%28AEDP%202018%29%28TH%29.pdf.
Ministry of Energy (2019b) New and Renewable Energy in Thailand. Available at: https://www.egnret.ewg.apec.org/sites/default/files/meetings/egnret53/Oct23/Member/5-Geothermal_Thailand3.pdf.
Ministry of Energy (2019c) Power Development Plan 2018 (revision 1). Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: https://policy.thinkbluedata.com/sites/default/files/Thailand’s Power Development Plan %28PDP%29 %282018–2037%29 %28TH%29.pdf.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2014) Communication on Thailand’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_15/copenhagen_accord/application/pdf/thailandcphaccord_app2.pdf.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2015) Climate Change Master Plan of Thailand. Available at: https://climate.onep.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CCMP_english.pdf.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2020a) Thailand’s Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level for REDD+ under the UNFCCC. Available at: https://redd.unfccc.int/files/thailand_frel_frl_report.pdf.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2020b) Thailand Third Biennial Update Report.
Ministry of Transport (2013) Thailand’s Environmental Sustainable Transport Master Plan. Available at: https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/7EST-B1G4-6.pdf.
Ministry of Transport (2019) Intelligent Transport Systems in Thailand. Available at: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Country presentation - Thailand_3.pdf.
Misila, P., Winyuchakrit, P. and Limmeechokchai, B. (2020) ‘Thailand’s long-term GHG emission reduction in 2050: the achievement of renewable energy and energy efficiency beyond the NDC’, Heliyon, 6(12). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05720.
Nama Facility (no date) Thailand – Thai Rice NAMA, Nama Facility. Available at: https://www.nama-facility.org/projects/thailand-thai-rice-nama/.
NAMA facility (no date) Thailand – Refrigeration and Air Conditioning NAMA (RAC NAMA), NAMA Facility. Available at: https://www.nama-facility.org/projects/thailand-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-nama-rac-nama/.
Nanthachatchavankul, P. (no date) Changing Transport in Thailand, GIZ. Available at: https://www.changing-transport.org/changing-transport-in-thailand/.
NESDB (2017) The twelfth national economic and social development plan (2017-2021). Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/downloads/policy-database/THAILAND%29 The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan %282017-2021%29.pdf.
Office of the Prime Minister of Thailand (2017) 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021).
ONEP (2017) Second Biennial Update Report of Thailand. Available at: https://unfccc.int/documents/39836.
Praiwan, Y. (2020) Minister seeks solar rooftop revisions, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1942988/minister-seeks-solar-rooftop-revisions.
Praiwan, Y. (2021) ‘Zero emissions plan in progress’, Bangkok Post, March.
Le Quéré, C. et al. (2020) Supplementary data to: Le Quéré et al (2020), Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement (Version 1.2). Global Carbon Project. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18160/RQDW-BTJU (Accessed: 11 December 2020).
Railway Technology (2021) ‘Thailand to sign contracts for Thai-Sino high-speed train project’.
Setsirote, B. (2016) Sustainable development for Thailand in the global context, Thailand Sustainable Development Foundation. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20180206202951/http:/www.tsdf.or.th/en/blog/10560/711-sustainable-development-for-thailand-in-the-globa.
Silalertruksa, T. and Gheewala, S. (2012) ‘Environmental sustainability assessment of palm biodiesel production in Thailand’, Energy, 43(1), pp. 306–314. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.025.
TDPK (2020) Investing in Strength – 10 Thai S-curve Industries, True Digital Park. Available at: https://www.truedigitalpark.com/en/insights/articles/15/10-thai-s-curve-industries (Accessed: 30 July 2021).
Thailand Automotive Institute (2020) Excise Tax for New Cars 2016, Thailand Automotive Institute. Available at: http://www.thaiauto.or.th/2020/news/news-detail.asp?news_id=3198.
Thailand Board of Investment (2020) Railways, Thailand Board of Investment. Available at: https://www.boi.go.th/index.php?page=railways.
Thailand Board of Investment (2021) Economic Overview, BOI.
Thansettakij (2021) NEPC knocks on the National Energy Plan to reduce carbon dioxide net to zero, 2065 - 2070, Thansettakij Multimedia.
Thanthong-Knight, R. (2021) Thailand Lays Out Bold EV Plan, Wants All Electric Cars by 2035, Bloomberg. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-22/thailand-lays-out-bold-ev-plan-wants-all-electric-cars-by-2035.
Theparat, C. (2021) NESDC revises down 2021 growth outlook, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2068871/nesdc-revises-down-2021-growth-outlook.
Theparat, C. and Praiwan, Y. (2019) National power plan expands private output, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1617382/national-power-plan-expands-private-output.
UN Thailand (2020) Thai Agricultural Sector: From Problems to Solutions, United Nations. Available at: https://thailand.un.org/en/103307-thai-agricultural-sector-problems-solutions.
UNFCCC (no date) Project 3483 : Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project, UNFCCC. Available at: https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/SGS-UKL1268326008.88.
VietnamPlus (2021) Thailand to adjust 20-year national strategy, VietnamPlus. Available at: https://en.vietnamplus.vn/thailand-to-adjust-20year-national-strategy/171638.vnp.
Wancharoen, S. (2020) New transit master plan to focus on rail network, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1991815/new-transit-master-plan-to-focus-on-rail-network.
Wichai-utcha, N. and Chavalparit, O. (2019) ‘3Rs Policy and plastic waste management in Thailand’, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21, pp. 10–22. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10163-018-0781-y.
Wichit, C. (2019) Finance Ministry plans rejig of fuel excise tax, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1732627/finance-ministry-plans-rejig-of-fuel-excise-tax.
Wipatayotin, A. (2020) Govt aims to honour climate change pact, Bangkok Post. Available at: https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2005523/govt-aims-to-honour-climate-change-pact.
Wongsapai, W. (2017) Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Target. Available at: http://afeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EIT-Renewable-Energy-Energy-Efficiency-Target.pdf.
World Bank (2021) Global Economic Prospects, January 2021, Global Economic Prospects. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34710/9781464816123.pdf?sequence=15&isAllowed=y%0Ahttp://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1612-3.
Yuda, M. (2021) Thailand GDP shrinks at fastest pace in over 2 decades, Nikkei Asia. Available at: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Thailand-GDP-shrinks-at-fastest-pace-in-over-2-decades.
Yuvejwattana, S. (2021) Thai Finance Ministry Cuts GDP Growth Outlook on Virus Wave, Bloomberg Quint. Available at: https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/thai-finance-ministry-cuts-2021-gdp-forecast-on-new-covid-wave.