International Shipping

Critically Insufficient4°C+ World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming of greater than 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

Highly insufficient< 4°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming between 3°C and 4°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

Insufficient< 3°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with warming over 2°C and up to 3°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

2°C Compatible< 2°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with holding warming below, but not well below, 2°C if all other sectors were to follow the same approach.

1.5°C Paris Agreement Compatible< 1.5°C World

This rating indicates that the target is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit.

Role model<< 1.5°C World

No “role model” rating has been developed for the sectors.

List of references

Ahn, J., Joung, T.-H., Kang, S.-G., & Lee, J. (2019). Changes in container shipping industry: Autonomous ship, environmental regulation, and reshoring. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 3(3–4), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2019.1678564
Airclim. (2020, May 2). Shipping in the EU ETS? https://www.airclim.org/acidnews/shipping-eu-ets
Australian Border Force. (2020, May 22). Cruise Ship Prohibition Extended - Australian Border Force Newsroom. https://newsroom.abf.gov.au/releases/cruise-ship-prohibition-extended
Carnival Corporation. (2020, June 2). P&O Cruises extends pause in operations for all sailings until October 15, 2020 | Carnival Corporation & plc. https://www.carnivalcorp.com/news-releases/news-release-details/po-cruises-extends-pause-operations-all-sailings-until-october
ClassNK. (2019). Introduction to the outcomes of MEPC 74. https://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/pdf/tech_info/tech_img/T1192e.pdf
Climate Home News. (2020, February 11). Shipping could raise ambition of 2030 climate target, study shows. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/02/11/shipping-raise-ambition-2030-climate-target-study-shows/
Comer, B., Chen, C., & Rutherford, D. (2018). Relating short-term measures to IMO ’ s minimum 2050 emissions reduction target. Appendix to paper MEPC 73/INF.27 presented to IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee. International Council on Clean Transportation, 13, 7. https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/IMO_Short_term_potential_20181011.pdf
Comer, B., Olmer, N., Mao, X., Roy, B., & Rutherford, D. (2017). Prevalence of heavy fuel oil and black carbon in Arctic shipping, 2015 to 2025. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), May, 68 pp. https://www.theicct.org/publications/prevalence-heavy-fuel-oil-and-black-carbon-arctic-shipping-2015-2025
Concawe. (2016). Marine Fuel Facts - Concawe. https://www.concawe.eu/publication/marine-fuel-facts/
DieselNet Technology Guide. (2004). Environmental Effects of Emissions. https://dieselnet.com/tech/env_effect.php
DNV GL. (2018). EU MRV and IMO DCS - DNV GL. https://www.dnvgl.com/maritime/insights/topics/EU-MRV-and-IMO-DCS/index.html
ECSA. (2020). ECSA COVID-19 Survey May 2020. https://www.ecsa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/ECSA COVID19 Survey Report.pdf
Energy Transitions Commission. (2019). Mission Possible | Energy Transitions Commission. http://www.energy-transitions.org/mission-possible
European Commission. (2020, January 3). Cleaner Air in 2020: sulphur cap for ships. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_6837
Government of Canada. (2020, May 29). Minister Garneau announces updated measures for cruise ships and passenger vessels in Canadian waters up to October 31, 2020 - Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/transport-canada/news/2020/05/minister-garneau-announces-updated-measures-for-cruise-ships-and-passenger-vessels-in-canadian-waters-up-to-october-31-2020.html
Hayer, S. (2016). Decision-making processes of ICAO and IMO in respect of environmental regulations STUDY.
HFO-Free Arctic. (2016). What are the Risks of Using Heavy Fuel Oil in the Arctic? - HFO-Free Arctic. https://www.hfofreearctic.org/hrf_faq/risks-using-heavy-fuel-oil-arctic/#_ftn13
Hoen, M. ’t, Faber, J., & Lee, D. S. (2017). Update of Maritime Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections. https://www.cedelft.eu/en/publications/2056/update-of-maritime-greenhouse-gas-emission-projections
Hoesly, R. M., Smith, S. J., Feng, L., Klimont, Z., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pitkanen, T., Seibert, J. J., Vu, L., Andres, R. J., Bolt, R. M., Bond, T. C., Dawidowski, L., Kholod, N., Kurokawa, J., Li, M., Liu, L., Lu, Z., Moura, M. C. P., O&apos;Rourke, P. R., & Zhang, Q. (2018). Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Geoscientific Model Development, 11(1), 369–408. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018
ICCT. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions from global shipping, 2013-2015. https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Global-shipping-GHG-emissions-2013-2015_ICCT-Report_17102017_vF.pdf
IEA. (2019). World Energy Balances 2019 (OECD and Selected Emerging Economies).
IMO. (2009). Second IMO GHG Study 2009. 220. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/SecondIMOGHGStudy2009.pdf
IMO. (2017). Energy Efficiency Measures. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Technical-and-Operational-Measures.aspx
IMO. (2018). Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions From Ships - Resolution MEPC.304(72). 304(April), 1–11. http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/Marine-Environment-Protection-Committee-%28MEPC%29/Documents/MEPC.304%2872%29.pdf
IMO. (2019a). Greenhouse Gas Emissions. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/GHG-Emissions.aspx
IMO. (2019b). IMO Unified Interpretations to MARPOL Annex V (MEPC.1/Circ.795/Rev.4). 44(0). http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/Documents/MEPC.1-Circ.795-Rev.4.pdf
IMO. (2019c). MEPC.323(74) - Invitation to Member States to Encourage Voluntar Cooperation. 323(May), 18–19.
IMO. (2019d). MEPC 74.18 - Report of the Maritime Environment Protection Committe on its 74th Session. https://www.iadc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/MEPC-74-18-Report-Of-The-Marine-Environment-Protection-CommitteeOn-Its-Seventy-Fourth-Session-Secretariat.pdf
IMO. (2019e). Reduction of the impact on the Arctic of Black Carbon Emissions from International Shipping. https://www.euractiv.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/01/PPR-7-8-Initial-results-of-a-Black-Carbon-measurement-campaign-with-emphasis-on-the-impact-of-the...-Finland-and-Germany.pdf
IMO. (2019f, November). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-ships.aspx
IMO. (2019g, November 15). IMO pushes forward with work to meet ship emission reduction targets. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/26-ISWG-GHG.aspx
IMO. (2020a). Postponement of the 75th session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee due to the COVID-19 outbreak. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Circular Letter N4213Add1 Postponement MEPC.pdf
IMO. (2020b). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-ships.aspx
IMO. (2020c, April). IMO Meeting Summaries. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/MeetingSummaries/Pages/Default.aspx
IMO. (2020d, April 2). IMO postpones further meetings due to COVID-19 (updated). http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/04-Covid-19-IMO-meetings-.aspx
International Transport Forum. (2020). Global Container Shipping and the Coronavirus Crisis. April, 1–10. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/global-container-shipping-covid-19.pdf
IPCC. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Chapter 3. 1–78.
IPCC. (2018). IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/
Kachi, A., Mooldijk, S., & Warnecke, C. (2019). Carbon pricing options for international maritime emissions Carbon pricing options for international maritime emissions Publisher NewClimate-Institute for Climate Policy and Global Sustainability gGmbH. http://newclimate.org/publications/
Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J. P., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., De-Gol, A. J., Willis, D. R., Shan, Y., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Creutzig, F., & Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x
Lloyd’s Register, & UMAS. (2019). Zero-Emission Vessels: Transition Pathways. 30. https://www.lr.org/en-gb/insights/global-marine-trends-2030/zero-emission-vessels-transition-pathways/
MAERSK. (2019, June 26). Towards a zero-carbon future. https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2019/06/26/towards-a-zero-carbon-future
Mao, X., Chen, C., Comer, B., Rutherford, D., & (ICCT), I. C. on C. T. (2019). Cost and Benefits of a Pearl River Delta Emission Control Area. July, 45p. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_pearl_river_delta_eca_20190718.pdf%0Ahttps://trid.trb.org/view/1641785
Marine Insight. (2019, October 13). What are Flag States in the Shipping Industry? https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/what-are-flag-states-in-the-shipping-industry-2/
MARPOL ANNEX VI. (2013). EEDI & SEEMP explained - Website of marpol-annex-vi! https://www.marpol-annex-vi.com/eedi-seemp/
MARPOL Training Institute. (2005). MARPOL - Annex VI. http://www.marpoltraining.com/MMSKOREAN/MARPOL/Annex_VI/index.htm
Miola, A., Ciuffo, B., Giovine, E., & Marra, M. (2010). Regulating Air Emissions from Ships: The State of the Art on Methodologies, Technologies and Policy Options. In JRC Reference Reports (Vol. 472, Issue 5613). https://doi.org/10.2788/4171
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings. (2020, May 14). Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Reports First Quarter 2020 Financial Results | Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. http://www.nclhltdinvestor.com/news-releases/news-release-details/norwegian-cruise-line-holdings-reports-first-quarter-2020
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. (2020). Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. Announces Extension of Suspension of Voyages. http://www.nclhltdinvestor.com/node/12986/pdf
Notteboom, T., & Pallis, T. (2020). IAPH-WPSP Port Economic Impact Barometer. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-05-22-COVID19-Barometer-Report.pdf
OECD. (2018). Decarbonising Maritime Transport. International Transport Forum, 86. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/decarbonising-maritime-transport.pdf
OECD - ITF. (2017). Transport Outlook 2017. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/transport/itf-transport-outlook-2017/international-freight_9789282108000-6-en#page4
OECD - ITF. (2018). Reducing Shipping Greenhouse Gas Emissions Lessons From Port-Based Incentives Case-Specific Policy Analysis. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/reducing-shipping-greenhouse-gas-emissions.pdf
Olmer, N., Comer, B., Roy, B., Mao, X., & Rutherford, D. (2017). Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Global Shipping, 2013-2015. The International Council on Clean Transportation, October, 1–25. https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Global-shipping-GHG-emissions-2013-2015_ICCT-Report_17102017_vF.pdf
Pavlenko, N., Comer, B., Zhou, Y., Clark, N., & Rutherford, D. (2020). The climate implications of using LNG as a marine fuel. January. www.theicct.org
Port of Rotterdam. (2017). Right Here. Right Now. Make it happen. CO2 Neutral Port Of Rotterdam. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/sites/default/files/port-of-rotterdam-co2-neutral.pdf
Roy, B., & Comer, B. (2017). Alternatives to heavy fuel oil use in the Arctic: Economic and environmental tradeoffs.
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (2020, May 20). Royal Caribbean Group Provides Business Update And Reports On First Quarter 2020. https://www.rclinvestor.com/press-releases/release/?id=1475
Rutherford, A. D. (ICCT), Mao, X., Osipova, L., & Comer, B. (2020). Limiting engine power to reduce CO2 emissions from existing ships. February, 1–16.
Rutherford, D., & Comer, B. (2018). International Maritime Organization’s Initial Greenhouse Gas Strategy. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), April 2018, 8. https://theicct.org/publications/IMO-initial-GHG-strategy
Sand, M., Berntsen, T. K., Seland, Ø., & Kristjánsson, J. E. (2013). Arctic surface temperature change to emissions of black carbon within Arctic or midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(14), 7788–7798. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50613
SEI. (2019, April 4). Calculating maritime shipping emissions per traded commodity | SEI. https://www.sei.org/publications/shipping-emissions-per-commodity/#key-messages
Seychelles Nation. (2020, May 9). Cruise ship calls banned for two years - Seychelles Nation. http://www.nation.sc/articles/4579/cruise-ship-calls-banned-for-two-years
Ship & Bunker. (2020, January 7). Bimco Suggests IMO 2030 Carbon Reduction Target Should be Toughened - Ship & Bunker. https://shipandbunker.com/news/world/405455-bimco-suggests-imo-2030-carbon-reduction-target-should-be-toughened
Smith, T. W. P., Jalkanen, J. P., Anderson, B. A., Corbett, J. J., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., O’Keeffe, E., Parker, S., Johansson, L., Aldous, L., Raucci, C., Traut, M., Ettinger, S., Nelissen, D., Lee, D. S., Ng, S., Agrawal, A., Winebrake, J. J., & Hoen, M., A. (2014). Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014. International Maritime Organization (IMO), 327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0912-3
Spero, J., & Raval, A. (2013). Maritime chiefs call for ship speed limits to cut emissions | Financial Times. Financial Times, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/30e68844-6a8f-11e9-80c7-60ee53e6681d
The Canadian Press. (2020, February 21). Ban on heavy fuel oil in Arctic full of holes: environmental group | North Shore News. https://www.nsnews.com/ban-on-heavy-fuel-oil-in-arctic-full-of-holes-environmental-group-1.24081294
Transport & Environment. (2019, July 10). LNG remains a deadend for decarbonising maritime transport | Transport & Environment. https://www.transportenvironment.org/newsroom/blog/lng-remains-deadend-decarbonising-maritime-transport
UNCTAD. (2019). Review of Maritime Transport 2019 (Issue October). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2019_en.pdf
University Maritime Advisory Services. (2019). How Can Shipping Decarbonise ? https://u-mas.co.uk/Latest/Post/411/How-can-shipping-decarbonise-A-new-infographic-highlights-what-it-d-take-to-decarbonise-shipping-by-2050
UNWTO. (2020, May 7). International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60-80% in 2020, UNWTO Reports | UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
US Federal Register. (2020, April 15). No Sail Order and Suspension of Further Embarkation; Notice of Modification and Extension and Other Measures Related to Operations. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/04/15/2020-07930/no-sail-order-and-suspension-of-further-embarkation-notice-of-modification-and-extension-and-other
Watson, W. T. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on the Marine & Energy Industry Global impact on the economy of COVID-19. https://www.willistowerswatson.com/en-GB/Insights/2020/04/covid-19-willis-re-impact-report
WTO. (2020, April 8). Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm
Yanguas Parra, P. A., Ganti, G., Brecha, R., Hare, B., Schaeffer, M., & Fuentes, U. (2019). Global and regional coal phase-out requirements of the Paris Agreement: Insights from the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C. https://climateanalytics.org/media/report_coal_phase_out_2019.pdf