Brazil

AEPET. (2024). Brasil exporta mais da metade do petróleo produzido. AEPET - Associação dos Engenheiros da Petrobrás. https://aepet.org.br/noticia/brasil-exporta-mais-da-metade-do-petroleo-produzido/

Bill No. 2159/ 2021 (2025). https://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento?dm=8970277&ts=1765570536937&disposition=inline

Brazil. (2024). BNDES announces results of Amazon Fund call for proposals and begins new phase of the Restoration Arc. [Noticia]. Agência Gov. https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202405/bndes-anuncia-resultado-de-edital-do-fundo-amazonia-e-inicia-nova-fase-do-arco-da-restauracao

Climate Action Tracker. (2023). Clean electricity within a generation: Paris-aligned benchmarks for the power sector. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1159/CAT_2023-09-19_Briefing_ParisBenchmarks_PowerSector.pdf

Climate Action Tracker. (2026). Wind and Solar benchmarks for a 1.5C world—Brazil. Climate Analytics & New Climate Institute. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1393/CAT_WNSbenchmarks_BRA.pdf

Climate Home News. (2025, February 20). Ahead of COP30, Brazil’s Lula pushes for oil drilling in the Amazon. Climate Home News. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2025/02/20/lulas-government-pushes-for-new-oil-drilling-in-the-amazon-cop-30/

Climate Observatory. (2025). A Petrobras de que precisamos. Climate Observatory. https://www.oc.eco.br/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/OC_Estudo-Petrobras_DIGITAL.pdf

CPI. (2023). Contributions to Sustainability in the Brazilian Agricultural Plan 2023/24. Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/NT-Plano-Safra-EN.pdf

EDGAR. (2025). GHG emissions of all world countries: 2025 [Dataset]. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9816914

Ember. (2026). Electricity Data Explorer: Brazil. Ember. https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer

Enerdata. (2025, February 20). Brazil agrees to join OPEC+ group of oil-producing countries. https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/brazil-agrees-join-opec-group-oil-producing-countries.html

Energy Transitions Commission. (2021). Bioresources within a Net-Zero Emissions Economy. https://www.energy-transitions.org/publications/bioresources-within-a-net-zero-emissions-economy/

EPA. (2025). Global Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections & Mitigation Potential: 2020-2080. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/global-mitigation-non-co2-greenhouse-gases/global-non-co2-greenhouse-gas-emission-projections-0

EPE. (2024). Brazilian Oil and Gas Report. The Energy Research Office (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética - EPE). https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-en/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-197/topico-211/BOR_2024_2025.pdf

Flores, B. M., Montoya, E., Sakschewski, B., Nascimento, N., Staal, A., Betts, R. A., Levis, C., Lapola, D. M., Esquível-Muelbert, A., Jakovac, C., Nobre, C. A., Oliveira, R. S., Borma, L. S., Nian, D., Boers, N., Hecht, S. B., Ter Steege, H., Arieira, J., Lucas, I. L., … Hirota, M. (2024). Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system. Nature, 626(7999), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06970-0

Global Energy Monitor. (2026). Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker. Google Docs. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1FKq-llV9IEdwr8sP_ZkGuewnT7Lt5QUnaozCv0xan7I/edit?gid=0&usp=embed_facebook

GNPW Group. (2026, March 13). Brazil produces 81.6 million tons of waste per year. 40% still ends up in the wrong places. Why does almost none of it become energy? GNPW Group. https://www.gnpw.com.br/en/clean-energy/brazil-produces-81-6-million-tons-of-waste-per-year-40-still-ends-up-in-the-wrong-places-why-does-almost-none-of-it-become-energy/

Government of Brazil. (2023a). Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm). https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/combate-ao-desmatamento-queimadas-e-ordenamento-ambiental-territorial/controle-do-desmatamento-1/amazonia-ppcdam-1/ppcdam_5_en.pdf

Government of Brazil. (2023b). Federative Republic of Brazil Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-11/Brazil%20First%20NDC%202023%20adjustment.pdf

Government of Brazil. (2023c). Novo PAC - Desenvolvimiento e Sustentabilidade. https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/acompanhe-o-planalto/noticias/2023/09/alckmin-brasil-vive-bom-momento-e-tem-grandes-oportunidades-para-atrair-investimentos-com-o-novo-pac/presentation_pac_english.pdf

Government of Brazil. (2023d). Novo PAC: Transformative Investment for Brazil’s Future. Ministério Das Relações Exteriores. https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/embaixada-londres/press-releases/brazils-new-growth-acceleration-program

Government of Brazil. (2023e). Plano de Transformação Ecológica. Ministry of Finance. https://www.gov.br/fazenda/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/transformacao-ecologica/english-version/documents/pte-19-10-2023-ecological-transformation-plan.pdf

Government of Brazil. (2023f). Renovagro – Programa de Financiamento a Sistemas de Produção Agropecuária Sustentáveis. BNDES. http://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/financiamento/produto/renovagro

Government of Brazil. (2024a). Brazil Second NDC. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-11/Brazil_Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20%28NDC%29_November2024.pdf

Government of Brazil. (2024b). Incentivized and Infrastructure Debentures. Ministério de Minas e Energia. https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/brazil-world-leader-in-energy-transition/economic-development/incentivized-and-infrastructure-debentures/incentivized-and-infrastructure-debentures

Government of Brazil. (2024c). Legal framework for low-carbon hydrogen. Ministério de Minas e Energia. https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/brazil-world-leader-in-energy-transition/energy-transition/legal-framework-for-low-carbon-hydrogen/legal-framework-for-low-carbon-hydrogen

Government of Brazil. (2024d). National Plan for Circular Economy—Ministry of Finance. https://www.gov.br/fazenda/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/transformacao-ecologica/novo-brasil-ecological-transformation-plan/featured-programs/national-plan-for-circular-economy

Government of Brazil. (2024e). Programa MOVER. Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services. https://www.gov.br/mdic/pt-br/assuntos/sdic/setor-automotivo/programa-mover

Government of Brazil. (2025a). Estratégia Nacional de Mitigação [National Mitigation Strategy]. https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/composicao/smc/plano-clima/enm_consolidada-vsubex-final-10-07-25-limpa-1-1.pdf/

Government of Brazil. (2025b). Fuel of the future. Ministério de Minas e Energia. https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/brazil-world-leader-in-energy-transition/energy-transition/fuel-of-the-future/fuel-of-the-future

Government of Brazil. (2025c). Gas for employment. Ministério de Minas e Energia. https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/brazil-world-leader-in-energy-transition/economic-development/gas-for-employment/gas-for-employment

Government of Brazil. (2025d). Plano Safra 2025/2026. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e Agricultura Familiar. https://www.gov.br/mda/pt-br/noticias/2025/06/plano-safra-2025-2026

Government of Brazil. (2025e). Política Nacional de Datacenters. Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria, Comércio e Serviços. https://www.gov.br/mdic/pt-br/assuntos/sdic/inovacao/politica-nacional-de-datacenters-1/politica-nacional-de-datacenters

Government of Brazil. (2026a). Estratégia Nacional de Mitigação. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/mudanca-do-clima/estrategia-nacional-mitigacao.pdf

Government of Brazil. (2026b). Plano Clima 2024 – 2035 Sumário Executivo. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/mudanca-do-clima/sumario-executivo-plano-clima.pdf

Green, F., Bois von Kursk, O., Muttitt, G., & Pye, S. (2024). No new fossil fuel projects: The norm we need. Science, 384(6699), 954–957.

ICAP. (2026). Compare ETS | Brazilian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System. International Carbon Action Partnership. https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/compare/79

ICCT. (2023). Comparison of the Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Combustion Engine and Electric Passenger Cars in Brazil. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Brazil-LDV-LCA-report-A4-v7.pdf

IEA. (2023). Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-roadmap-a-global-pathway-to-keep-the-15-0c-goal-in-reach

IEA. (2024a). Energy and Emissions Data Browser: Brazil. https://www.iea.org/countries/brazil/coal

IEA. (2024b). World Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024

IEA. (2025). Global EV Outlook 2025. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2025

IEA. (2026a). Brazil—Countries & Regions. IEA. https://www.iea.org/countries/brazil/energy-mix

IEA. (2026b). CO2 emissions by sector, Brazil. IEA. https://www.iea.org/countries/brazil/emissions

IEA Bioenergy. (2024). Implementation of bioenergy in Brazil 2024. https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/CountryReport2024_Brazil_final.pdf

Imazon. (2024). Da “escassez” à abundância: O caso da pecuária bovina na Amazônia. Imazon. https://imazon.org.br/relatorios/da-escassez-a-abundancia-o-caso-da-pecuaria-bovina-na-amazonia?locale=pt_BR

Ineep. (2025). Pobreza energética e transição: Contribuição para a COP30. Ineep - Instituto de Pesquisa Em Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis. https://ineep.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/estudo-estrategico_pobreza-energetica-e-transicao-contribuicao-para-a-cop30.pdf

JRC. (2024). Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2024. https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/projects-and-activities/global-energy-and-climate-outlook/geco-2024_en

Kotz, M., Donat, M. G., Lancaster, T., Parker, M., Smith, P., Taylor, A., & Vetter, S. H. (2025). Climate extremes, food price spikes, and their wider societal risks. Environmental Research Letters, 20(8), 081001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade45f

Ministério do Meio Ambiente. (2022). Programa Nacional Metano Zero. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/composicao/smc/dpmi/ozonio/repositorio/publicacoes/ProgramaMetanoZero.pdf

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. (2024). Deforestation will fall by 30.6% in the Amazon and 25.7% in the Cerrado in 2024. Ministério Do Meio Ambiente e Mudança Do Clima. https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/taxa-de-desmatamento-na-amazonia-cai-30-6-e-25-7-no-cerrado

Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2022). Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan (PDE 2031). https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/secretarias/sntep/publicacoes/plano-decenal-de-expansao-de-energia/pde-2031/english-version/relatorio_pde2031_introducao_eus.pdf

Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2024). Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan (PDE 2034). https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-804/topico-758/PDE2034_Aprovado.pdf

Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2026). Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan (PDE 2035). Ministry of Mines and Energy. https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-894/PDE%202035_Consolida%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20Resultados.pdf

Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. (2024). 1st Biennial transparency report of Brazil to the UNFCCC. https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/sirene/publicacoes/relatorios-bienais-de-transparencia-btrs/BRA_NIR_2024_ENG.pdf

Nature. (2023). Politics and the environment collide in Brazil: Lula’s first year back in office. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-04042-x

Observatório do Clima. (2019, May 1). Forest Facts: Myths about land use in Brazil, debunked [broadcast][Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pX9s_eznvpY

OPEC. (2025). Press Releases. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Brazil’s National Council for Energy Approves Joining Charter of Cooperation (CoC). https://www.opec.org/pr-detail/516-18-february-2025.html

PNME. (2023). 3° Anuario Brasileiro da Mobilidade Electrica. https://pnme.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/3o-Anuario-Brasileiro-de-Mobilidade-Eletrica.pdf

Política Por Inteiro. (2025, July 2). Plano Safra 2025/2026: Investimentos em agropecuária de baixo carbono avança menos do que o necessário enquanto Plano para Agricultura Familiar sinaliza maior alinhamento aos compromissos climáticos - Política Por Inteiro. https://politicaporinteiro.org/2025/07/02/plano-safra-2025-2026-investimentos-em-agropecuaria-de-baixo-carbono-avanca-menos-do-que-o-necessario-enquanto-plano-para-agricultura-familiar-sinaliza-maior-alinhamento-aos-compromissos-climaticos/

Portal da Câmara dos Deputados. (2024). Estudo revela que custos da eletricidade e do gás de cozinha comprometem segurança alimentar no País—Notícias. Portal da Câmara dos Deputados. https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/1082756-estudo-revela-que-custos-da-eletricidade-e-do-gas-de-cozinha-comprometem-seguranca-alimentar-no-pais/

Reuters. (2025a, July 7). China’s BYD to start assembling electric cars in Brazil. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/chinas-byd-start-assembling-electric-cars-brazil-2025-07-07/

Reuters. (2025b, September 5). Brazil’s Lula announces $2.2 bln debt relief package for farmers. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/brazils-lula-announces-22-bln-debt-relief-package-farmers-2025-09-05/

Revista Pesquisa FAPESP. (2023). Obstacles to growth of the electric car market in Brazil. https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/obstacles-to-growth-of-the-electric-car-market-in-brazil/

SEEG. (2024). Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases de Efeito Estufa (SEEG). https://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/

Stabile, M. C. C., Guimarães, A. L., Silva, D. S., Ribeiro, V., Macedo, M. N., Coe, M. T., Pinto, E., Moutinho, P., & Alencar, A. (2020). Solving Brazil’s land use puzzle: Increasing production and slowing Amazon deforestation. Land Use Policy, 91, 104362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104362

Talanoa. (2023). Brazil’s Climate Policy in Full 2023—Progress and gaps in the country’s climate policy agenda. https://nossadescarbonizacao.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/00_Talanoa-PCporInteiro-2023-Desktop-EN.pdf

Talanoa. (2024). Brazil’s Climate Policy in Full 2024. https://politicaporinteiro.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/00_PCPInteiro-2024-Web-EN.pdf

Tong, H., Cheng, T., Li, X., Zhu, H., Ye, X., Fan, D., & Tang, T. (2025). Reduction of methane emissions through improved landfill management. Nature Climate Change, 15(8), 866–872. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02391-1

WIPO. (2025). Global Innovation Index—Brazil: Innovation Top Performers 2025. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/gii-ranking/2025/br.pdf

World Bank. (2023). Access to electricity (% of population)—Brazil. World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org

WWF. (2024). Brazil loses BRL 11.8 billion in social value with the construction of hydroelectric dams in the Tapajós, according to a study commissioned by WWF-Brazil. https://www.wwf.org.br/?87820/Brazil-loses-BRL-118-billion-in-social-value-with-the-construction-of-hydroelectric-dams-in-the-Tapajos-according-to-a-study-commissioned-by-WWF-Brazil#:~:text=Brazil%20will%20lose%20at%20least,states%20of%20Amazonas%20and%20Par%C3%A1

WWF. (2025). Senate’s approval of the ‘Devastation Bill’ is unconstitutional and risks irreversible environmental setbacks. https://www.wwf.org.br/?91542/Senates-approval-of-the-Devastation-Bill-is-unconstitutional-and-risks-irreversible-environmental-setbacks