Egypt

Overall rating: Highly insufficient

Policies and action against fair share: Almost Sufficient; < 2°C World

Conditional NDC target against modelled domestic pathways: Critically insufficient; 4°C+ World

BAU Scenario against fair share: Highly insufficient; < 4°C World

Climate finance: Not applicable

Net zero target: Comprehensiveness not rated as
No target

Land use & forestry: Not significant

Abdelmeguid, N. and M. Ibrahiem, D. (2025) ‘Decarbonizing Egypt’s energy sector: pathways for an accelerated energy transition’, Review of Economics and Political Science [Preprint]. doi:10.1108/REPS-03-2024-0001
ADSERO (2024) Law No. 2 of 2024 Regarding Investment Incentives for Green Hydrogen Production Projects and its Derivatives: Unofficial Translation. Available at: https://adsero.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Law-No.22024-Investment-Incentives-Green-Hydro-Projects-PDF.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Albordeny, A. and Hanafy, W. (2025) ‘Is Egypt about to hit the gas on EVs?’, Manassa, 26 April. Available at: https://manassa.news/en/stories/23657 (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Al-Jazeera (2023) ‘Out of gas? Egypt’s ambitions to become a regional gas hub are dwindling’, Al Jazeera, 4 October. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/4/all-gassed-up-egypts-ambitions-to-become-a-regional-gas-hub-are-dwindling (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Arab News (2024) ‘Egypt to invest $1.2bn in drilling 110 exploratory wells in 2024/2025’, 15 July. Available at: https://www.arabnews.com/node/2549991/business-economy (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Capterio and Clean Air Task Force (2022) Leadership on flaring in Egypt: Recent successes and future opportunities in the lead-up to COP27. Available at: https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/13092458/leadership-flaring-egypt-successes-future-opportunities-lead-up-COP27.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Climate Analytics (2025) Buildings: What is Egypt’s pathway to limit global warming to 1.5°C? Available at: https://1p5ndc-pathways.climateanalytics.org/countries/egypt/sectors/buildings (Accessed: 11 September 2025)
Cohen, J.R. and Helwa, R. (2025) ‘The green gold rush: Why renewable energy is Egypt’s next big opportunity’, Atlantic Council, 3 February. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-green-gold-rush-why-renewable-energy-is-egypts-next-big-opportunity/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Daily News Egypt (2020) Electricity Ministry defers construction of Hamrawein coal-fired plant indefinitely, Daily News Egypt. Available at: https://dailynewsegypt.com/2020/02/24/electricity-ministry-defers-construction-of-hamrawein-coal-fired-plant-indefinitely/ (Accessed: 24 May 2022)
Daily News Egypt (2025a) ‘Egypt unveils new oil, gas investment opportunities to boost production’, 3 March. Available at: https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/03/03/egypt-unveils-new-oil-gas-investment-opportunities-to-boost-production/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Daily News Egypt (2025b) ‘Egypt urges auto manufacturers to boost local value-added under revised industry programme’, 7 July. Available at: https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/07/07/egypt-urges-auto-manufacturers-to-boost-local-value-added-under-revised-industry-programme/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
EDGE (2024) Egypt Green Building Market Snapshot 2023. Available at: https://edgebuildings.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IFC0077-2024-Egypt-Green-Building-Market-Maturity-Sheet.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Egypt Independent (2025a) ‘Egypt announces three more fuel price hikes by end of 2025’, 27 March. Available at: https://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-announces-three-more-fuel-price-hikes-by-end-of-2025/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Egypt Independent (2025b) ‘Egypt raises gasoline, diesel, butane, and other fuel prices amid ongoing subsidy reform’, 11 April. Available at: https://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-raises-gasoline-diesel-butane-and-other-fuel-prices-amid-ongoing-subsidy-reform/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Egypt State Information Service (2024a) Egypt implemented 1st phase of Haya Karima initiative at 85.5%. Available at: https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/202512/Egypt-implemented-1st-phase-of-Haya-Karima-initiative-at-85.5%25?lang=en-us (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Egypt State Information Service (2024b) Egypt set to roll out national initiative for natural gas vehicle conversion. Available at: https://sis.gov.eg/Story/203786/Egypt-set-to-roll-out-national-initiative-for-natural-gas-vehicle-conversion?lang=en-us#:~:text=One%20key%20highlight%20of%20the,December%202024%20%2D%2011:48%20AM (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
EIPR (2024) ‘EIPR wins court ruling ordering Titan Cement to pay EGP 1 million in compensation for using coal in polluting air’, The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, 30 April. Available at: https://eipr.org/en/press/2024/04/eipr-wins-court-ruling-ordering-titan-cement-pay-egp-1-million-compensation-using-coal (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Elghamrawi, S. (2023) Greening the Cement Industry in Egypt: Exploring Decarbonisation Policies for the Cement Industry. American University in Cairo. Available at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3257&context=etds (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
El-Hendy, A.M., Zaki, M.A. and Elwan, M. (2022) ‘A Comparative Analysis of Sustainability Rating Systems (Comfortable Lighting Environment as an Assessment Criterion)’, International Journal of Architecture Engineering and Urban Research, 5(2), pp. 136–159
Ember (2025a) Egypt. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/egypt/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Ember (2025b) Electricity generation in Egypt. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?entity=Egypt (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Enterprise (2025a) ‘A look at plans to improve Egypt’s electricity infrastructure in 2025’, 15 January. Available at: https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/3a96486c-9030-407a-b5d3-c2b097511129/a-look-at-plans-to-improve-egypt’s-electricity-infrastructure-in-2025 (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Enterprise (2025b) ‘Egypt wants to do away with Chinese EV chargers to unify infrastructure’, 13 May. Available at: https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/677bc144-cecc-4da3-ab3c-662b41022224/egypt-wants-to-do-away-with-chinese-ev-chargers-to-unify-infrastructure (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Enterprise (2025c) ‘Egypt’s gas production hits eight-year low at 4.87 bcf/d’, 23 February. Available at: https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/1e9cfd17-2879-4258-9904-0ca345a98d2d/egypt%25e2%2580%2599s-gas-production-hits-eight-year-low-at-4.87-bcf%2Fd (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Enterprise (2025d) ‘Infinity hits EV charging network target with 200 stations across 16 governorates’, 16 February. Available at: https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/9d66eb65-704a-40d7-8aa5-86a677704ce1/infinity-hits-ev-charging-network-target-with-200-stations-across-16-governorates (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Enterprise (2025e) ‘The cement industry is recovering, but challenges remain’, 26 February. Available at: https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/55498e50-8e41-47d9-8781-8abf16961180/the-cement-industry-is-recovering,-but-challenges-remain (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
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Faragalla, A., Kotb, H. and Galal, B. (2025) ‘Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies in Egypt’, Journal of Waste Management and Disposal, 8(1). Available at: https://www.scholarena.com/article/Municipal-Solid-Waste-Management.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Financial Times (2024) ‘Egypt’s journey from gas bonanza to power blackouts’, Financial Times, 2 September. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/b86c9f85-715e-4b12-a19a-9776c6251c9e (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
GGFR (2022) Zero Routine Flaring (ZRF) by 2030. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/zero-routine-flaring-by-2030/about (Accessed: 21 April 2022)
Global Energy Monitor (2025) Global Coal Plant Tracker. Available at: https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/ (Accessed: 9 September 2025)
Global Energy Monitor (no date) Egypt and coal. Available at: https://www.gem.wiki/Egypt_and_coal (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (2023) Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report 2023. Available at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/5d5c5c8b0f451b472e858ceb97624a18-0400072023/original/2023-Global-Gas-Flaring-Tracker-Report.pdf
Global Witness (2025) EU risks breaching international law over Israeli gas deal, legal experts say. Available at: https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-fuels/eu-risks-breaching-international-law-over-israeli-gas-deal-legal-experts-say/ (Accessed: 11 September 2025)
Government of Egypt (2024) Egypt’s First Biennial Transparency Report. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Egypt%20BTR1%20Final%20Master%20Report_v3_30DEC24%20AMR.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
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Gütschow, J., Busch, D. and Pflüger, M. (2024) The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Available at: https://primap.org/primap-hist/ (Accessed: 21 March 2025)
Hafez, T. (2025) ‘Egypt Boosts Fossil Fuel Output To Support Energy Transition’, Business Monthly, 27 April. Available at: https://businessmonthlyeg.com/egypt-boosts-fossil-fuel-output-to-support-energy-transition/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
IEA (2025a) Egypt. Available at: https://www.iea.org/countries/egypt/emissions (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
IEA (2025b) Egypt - Energy Mix. Available at: https://www.iea.org/countries/egypt/energy-mix (Accessed: 11 September 2025)
IEA (2025c) Egypt - Oil, IEA. Available at: https://www.iea.org/countries/egypt/oil (Accessed: 13 July 2025)
IRENA (2018) Renewable Energy Outlook - Egypt. Available at: https://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Oct/Renewable-Energy-Outlook-Egypt (Accessed: 19 May 2022)
Kumar, M. (2025) ‘Egypt approves nuclear waste storage facility at El-Dabaa power plant’, 7 January. Available at: https://www.neimagazine.com/news/egypt-approves-nuclear-waste-storage-facility-at-el-dabaa-plant/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Mahmoud, P. (2025) ‘Egypt on the way to another inevitable fuel price hike’, Ahram Online, 25 March. Available at: https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/543534.aspx (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Moharram, N.A., Tarek, A., Gaber, M. and Bayoumi, S. (2022) ‘Brief review on Egypt’s renewable energy current status and future vision’, Energy Reports, 8, pp. 165–172. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.103
MPED (2024) ‘Planning and International Cooperation’: Expanding Cooperation between Climate Funds and Development Partners to Increase Green Financing for the Private Sector. Available at: https://moic.gov.eg/news/1773 (Accessed: 11 September 2025)
Nasr, M. (2024) ‘Egypt’s EV push drives economic growth and sustainability goals’, Al Majalla, 5 December. Available at: https://en.majalla.com/node/323349/business-economy/egypts-ev-push-drives-economic-growth-and-sustainability-goals (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
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Power Technology (2023) El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant. Available at: https://www.power-technology.com/projects/el-dabaa-nuclear-power-plant/?cf-view (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Power Technology (2024) ‘Saudi Arabia-Egypt Electricity Interconnection Project, Saudi Arabia’, 13 September. Available at: https://www.power-technology.com/projects/saudi-arabia-egypt-electricity-interconnection/?cf-view (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Rahoma, U.A., Hassan, A.H., Khalil, S.A. and Khamees, A.S. (2025) ‘Update of the Solar Radiation Atlas for the Arab Republic of Egypt 2023’, in, pp. 139–159. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3276-3_12
Reuters (2023) ‘EU expects Egypt to maintain LNG export levels -official’. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/eu-expects-egypt-maintain-lng-export-levels-official-2023-02-13/
Reuters (2024a) ‘Egypt cuts 2040 renewable energy target to 40%, keeps focus on natural gas’, 20 October. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/egypt-cuts-2040-renewable-energy-target-40-keeps-focus-natural-gas-2024-10-20/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Reuters (2024b) ‘Egypt reaffirms 42% renewable energy goal for 2030, but urges international help’, 13 November. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/egypt-reaffirms-42-renewable-energy-goal-2030-urges-international-help-2024-11-12/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Reuters (2024c) ‘Egypt signs four green ammonia agreements worth $33 bln’, 30 June. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypt-signs-four-green-ammonia-agreements-worth-33-bln-2024-06-30/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Reuters (2024d) ‘How big fossil-fuel-producing countries export emissions abroad’, 23 November. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/how-big-fossil-fuel-producing-countries-export-emissions-abroad-2024-11-23/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
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Reuters (2025b) ‘Israel’s Leviathan signs $35 billion natural gas supply deal with Egypt’, 7 August. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/israels-leviathan-signs-35-billion-natural-gas-supply-deal-with-egypt-2025-08-07/ (Accessed: 11 September 2025)
Reuters (2025c) ‘Mideast war highlights Egypt’s energy weak spot’, Reuters, 30 June. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/mideast-war-highlights-egypts-energy-weak-spot-2025-06-30/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Ringel, M., Stöckigt, G., Shamon, H. and Vögele, S. (2024) ‘Green hydrogen cooperation between Egypt and Europe: The perspective of locals in Suez and Port Said’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 79, pp. 1501–1510. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.239
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S&P Global (2023) ‘Eni makes “significant” natural gas discovery offshore of Egypt’, (+). Available at: https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/011523-eni-makes-significant-natural-gas-discovery-offshore-of-egypt
Sustainable Bus (2024) ‘+2,000-units diesel-to-CNG retrofitting project in Egypt’, 26 September. Available at: https://www.sustainable-bus.com/cng-lng-bus/geyushi-conversion-project-buses-cng-egypt/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
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Vanderborght, B., Koch, F., Grimmeissen, L., et al. (2016) Low-Carbon Roadmap for the Egyptian Cement Industry
Waya (2022) ‘Port Said to host first waste-to-hydrogen plant for $4bln’, 20 June. Available at: https://waya.media/port-said-to-host-first-waste-to-hydrogen-plant-for-4bln/ (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
World Bank Group (2023) Getting the Prices Right: Economy-wide Policies to Promote Structural Change: Egypt. Available at: https://transparency-partnership.net/system/files/migrated_document_files/egyptenergysubsidyreformworldbank2023.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
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WRI (2021) ‘Egypt: Transitioning Away from Subsidizing Fossil Fuels’, World Resources Institute, 1 April. Available at: https://www.wri.org/snapshots/egypt-transitioning-away-subsidizing-fossil-fuels (Accessed: 11 July 2025)
Zawya (2023) ‘UAE, Egypt, Jordan and Bahrain sign $2bln of industrial agreements’. Available at: https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/industry/uae-egypt-jordan-and-bahrain-sign-2bln-of-industrial-agreements-akc0lyz7