Türkiye

AA. (2025). Highlights of Türkiye’s energy market in 2025. Anadolu Ajansi. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/general/highlights-of-turkiyes-energy-market-in-2025/53688

Avcıoğlu, M. (2026). Turkish firm plans up to 20 small modular nuclear reactors with US partner. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkish-firm-plans-up-to-20-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-with-us-partner/3984480

Climate Action Tracker. (2025). Three key near-term actions could bend the warming curve; bringing projected warming below 2˚C. Climate Analytics, New Climate Institute and Institute for Essential Services Reform. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1353/CAT_2025-11-19_Briefing_COP30_EnergyMethaneGoals.pdf

Climate Action Tracker. (2026a). Never let an energy crisis go to waste: Government responses to the US-Israel war on Iran. Climate Analytics & New Climate Institute. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1420/CAT_2026-06-11_Briefing_EnergyCrisis.pdf

Climate Action Tracker. (2026b). Wind and Solar benchmarks for a 1.5C world: Türkiye. Climate Analytics & New Climate Institute. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1403/CAT_WNSbenchmarks_TUR.pdf

Climate Policy Database. (2024). Roadmap for Renewable Energy to 2035 Turkey. https://climatepolicydatabase.org/policies/roadmap-renewable-energy-2035

Daily Sabah. (2026a). Fuel tax relief to cushion Iran war shock costs Türkiye $2B in 2 months. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/fuel-tax-relief-to-cushion-iran-war-shock-costs-turkiye-2b-in-2-months

Daily Sabah. (2026b). Türkiye plans sweeping energy expansion in 2026. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-plans-sweeping-energy-expansion-in-2026

Daily Sabah. (2026c, March 15). Türkiye advances work on completion of national agricultural census. Daily Sabah. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/turkiye-advances-work-on-completion-of-national-agricultural-census

Dayar, A. (2025). Caspian Energy Reimagined: Turkmenistan and Türkiye’s Landmark Gas Deal. Caspian Policy Institute. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/energy/caspian-energy-reimagined-turkmenistan-and-turkiyes-landmark-gas-deal

EAFO. (2025). Turkey: Incentives and Legislation. European Alternative Fuels Observatory. https://alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/transport-mode/road/turkey/incentives-legislations

EEA. (2025a). Greenhouse gas emissions and removals in land and forests—Türkiye. European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/europe-environment-2025/countries/turkiye/lulucf-emissions

EEA. (2025b). Total waste generation—Türkiye. European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/europe-environment-2025/countries/turkiye/waste-generation

EEA. (2025c). Waste management country profile with a focus on municipal and packaging waste (Türkiye) (Waste Management Country Profiles). European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/waste-and-recycling/municipal-and-packaging-waste-management-country-profiles-2025/tr-municipal-waste-factsheet.pdf/@@download/file#:~:text=Page%206-,Country%20profile%20waste%20management%20%E2%80%93%20T%C3%BCrkiye,(Resmi%20Gazete%2C%202019).

Ember. (2025). Türkiye (Turkey) (Countries and Regions). https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/turkiye/

Ember. (2026a). Electricity Data Explorer—Türkiye. https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?entity=T%C3%BCrkiye

Ember. (2026b). Türkiye Electricity Review 2026 (p. Chapter 3: Coal). Ember. https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/turkiye-electricity-review-2026/coal/

Ember. (2026c). Türkiye—Countries & Regions. https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/turkiye/

Enerdata. (2026). Türkiye Energy Information. https://www.enerdata.net/estore/energy-market/turkiye/

European Commission. (2024). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. https://taxation- customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en

Gavin, G. (2024). Hungary’s new gas deal fuels Russia fears. Politico EU. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-new-gas-deal-fuel-russia-fear/

Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit. (2023). Nuclear energy in Turkey (04.07.2023). https://www.grs.de/en/nuclear-energy-turkey-04072023

Government of the Republic of Türkiye. (2023). Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution. https://unfccc.int/documents/627743

Government of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). First Biennial Transparency Report. https://unfccc.int/documents/642617

Government of the Republic of Türkiye. (2025). The Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-11/The%20Second%20NDC%20of%20T%C3%BCrkiye.pdf

Güllü, A. B., Aksoy, H., Serhadlıoğlu, S., Taranto, Y., Çalışkan, R. Y., Vita, A. D., Karakousis, V., Rogner, M., Godron, P., & Dinçel, G. (2023). Net Zero 2053: A Roadmap for the Turkish Electricity Sector. SHURA Energy Transition Center.

Gümüş, B. S. (2025). Türkiye surpasses 2025 solar target as capacity doubles in 2.5 years. Ember. https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/turkiye-surpasses-2025-solar-target-as-capacity-doubles-in-2-5-years/

Hadjicostis, M., & Mcdermott, J. (2023). Turkey quake revives debate over nuclear plant being built. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/technology-science-2023-turkey-syria-earthquake-cyprus-42b8a3ab41ccca0e4876c2188976b066

Hurriyet Daily News. (2026, June 5). Türkiye expands renewables capacity by 55 percent over 5 years. Hurriyet Daily News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-expands-renewables-capacity-by-55-percent-over-5-years-222925

ICAP. (2025). Türkiye adopts landmark climate law, paving the way for national ETS. International Carbon Action Partnership. https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/turkiye-adopts-landmark-climate-law-paving-way-national-ets

IEA. (2026). Türkiye—Countries & regions. https://www.iea.org/countries/turkiye

IENE. (2026). Turkish Petroleum and BP Sign Pact on Oil, Gas Cooperation. Institute of Energy for South-East Europe. https://www.iene.eu/energy-news/turkish-petroleum-and-bp-sign-pact-on-oil-gas-cooperation-p8289.html

İklim Değişikliği Başkanliği [Climate Change Directorate]. (2024). 2053 Long Term Climate Strategy. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Turkiye_Long_Term_Climate_Strategy.pdf

İKLİM KANUNU (Climate Law), Pub. L. No. Law No. 7552, Number: 32951 (2025). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/07/20250709-1.htm

International Court of Justice. (2025). Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/187

Istanbul Policy Centre. (2025). Turkey’s Decarbonization Roadmap: Towards Net Zero by 2053. https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20251001-15101101.pdf

Kabakcı, F. (2025, November). Türkiye’s EV charging investments hit $600M, with 2035 targets requiring additional $1.2B. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/electricity/turkiyes-ev-charging-investments-hit-600m-with-2035-targets-requiring-additional-12b/53158

Kasapovic, M., & Knowles, W. (2024). Turkey’s electric vehicle sector will grow slowly. Oxford Analytica. https://www.oxan.com/insights/turkeys-electric-vehicle-sector-will-grow-slowly/

Kenez, L. (2025). Turkey tries to reduce reliance on Russia while Erdogan seeks stronger ties with the West for political future. Nordic Monitor. https://nordicmonitor.com/2025/11/turkey-tries-to-reduce-reliance-on-russia-while-erdogan-seeks-stronger-ties-with-the-west-for-political-future/

Kübra Ağaçyetiştiren. (2024). Türkiye’nin orman varlığı dünya standartlarına yaklaştı. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/turkiyenin-orman-varligi-dunya-standartlarina-yaklasti/3099956

Maddela, V. S. (2025, January 10). Türkiye’s Akkuyu NPP to become partly operational in 2025. Nuclear Engineering International. https://www.neimagazine.com/news/akkuyu-npp-to-become-partly-operational-in-2025/

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2022). Türkiye National Energy Plan. Republic of Türkiye. https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/EIGM/tr/Raporlar/TUEP/T%C3%BCrkiye_National_Energy_Plan.pdf

Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan 2024–2030. Republic of Türkiye. https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/CLIMATE%20CHANGE%20MITIGATION%20STRATEGY%20AND%20ACTION%20PLAN%20_EN(1).pdf

Nio, M. (2025, December 27). Electromobility in Turkey: A market that has exploded in three years. Eco Motors News. https://www.ecomotorsnews.com/en/categorie/electromobility-in-turkey-a-market-that-has-exploded-in-three-years

Niranjan, A. (2026, April 8). Turkey to race ahead of EU on battery storage amid fossil fuel crisis. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/apr/08/turkey-ahead-eu-battery-storage-fossil-fuel-crisis

Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2021). Remarks following the Presidential Cabinet Meeting. https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/130712/-turkiye-ekonomisi-salgin-sartlarini-ve-daha-once-yasadigi-kimi-sikintilari-geride-birakarak-hak-ettigi-yere-dogru-hizla-yol-aliyor-

Railway Gazette International. (2024). Turkish elections bring rail plan announcements. https://www.railwaygazette.com/policy/turkish-elections-bring-rail-plan-announcements/66128.article

Railway Supply. (2024). Turkey continues to actively modernize its railway transport. https://www.railway.supply/en/turkey-continues-to-actively-modernize-its-railway-transport/

Republic of Türkiye. (2015). Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published Documents/Turkey/1/The_INDC_of_TURKEY_v.15.19.30.pdf

Republic of Türkiye. (2019). Turkey’s Fourth Biennial Report. Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/TURKEY’S FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT.pdf

Republic of Türkiye. (2021). Türkiye First Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/The_INDC_of_TURKEY_v.15.19.30.pdf

Republic of Türkiye. (2022). Türkiye National Inventory Report: Common Reporting Format (CRF) Table. https://unfccc.int/documents/461898

Republic of Türkiye. (2025). The Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) [NDC]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-11/The%20Second%20NDC%20of%20T%C3%BCrkiye.pdf

Republic of Türkiye. (2026). Türkiye. 2026 Common Reporting Table. https://unfccc.int/documents/656426

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2024). Bakan Bayraktar Yenilenebilir Enerjide Yeni Hedefleri Anlattı [Minister Bayraktar Explained New Targets in Renewable Energy].

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Environment Urbanisation and Climate Change. (2024). Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan 2024-2030. https://iklim.gov.tr/db/english/icerikler/files/CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN _EN.pdf

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Industry and Technology. (2024). A Low Carbon Pathway for the Cement Sector in the Republic of Türkiye. https://www.ebrd.com/content/dam/ebrd_dxp/assets/pdfs/green-economy-transition/low-carbon-pathways/Cement%20Sector%20in%20Turkey.pdf

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2024). Türkiye’s Transport Policies in the context of NDC. https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/WP5_Session37_HasanAlsancak.pdf

Reuters. (2024, July 26). Turkey’s Erdogan announces $30 bln in incentives for high tech areas. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/turkeys-erdogan-announces-30-bln-incentives-high-tech-areas-2024-07-26/

Reuters. (2026a). Turkey in nuclear power talks with South Korea, Canada, China, Russia, minister says. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/turkey-nuclear-power-talks-with-south-korea-canada-china-russia-minister-says-2026-03-18/

Reuters. (2026b). Turkey, Iraq sign one-year oil pipeline deal. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iraq-expects-sign-extension-pipeline-deal-with-turkey-ina-says-2026-08-01/

Sarı, D. (2024). EBRD-led roadmaps pave way for decarbonisation in Türkiye. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. https://www.ebrd.com/home/news-and-events/news/2024/ebrdled-roadmaps-pave-way-for-decarbonisation-in-trkiye.html

Sezer, İ. (2026). Turning to Azerbaijani gas and US LNG, Turkey seeks to break its reliance on Russian energy. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/turkeysource/azerbaijan-and-us-helping-turkey-diversify-gas/

Siccardi, F. (2024). Understanding the Energy Drivers of Turkey’s Foreign Policy. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/02/understanding-the-energy-drivers-of-turkeys-foreign-policy?lang=en¢er=europe

Spasić, V. (2023). Turkey prepares USD 100 billion energy transition program, USD 10 billion for grid. Balkan Green Energy News. https://balkangreenenergynews.com/turkey-prepares-usd-100-billion-energy-transition-program-usd-10-billion-for-grid/

Statista. (2026). Transport greenhouse gas emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2024 (in millions). https://www.statista.com/statistics/672549/annual-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-the-transport-sector-in-turkey/

Taxation and Customs Union. (2026). CBAM successfully entered into force on 1 January 2026. Directorate-General for the EU Taxation and Customs Union. https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/news/cbam-successfully-entered-force-1-january-2026-2026-01-14_en

Temocin, P. (2018). Framing Opposition to Nuclear Power: The Case of Akkuyu in Southeast Turkey. Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, 6(2), 353–377.

Turkish Minute. (2026a). Turkey’s new earthquake map increases active faults from 485 to 700. https://www.turkishminute.com/2026/06/22/turkeys-new-earthquake-map-increases-active-faults-from-485-to-700/

Turkish Minute. (2026b). Turkish court cancels coal plant expansion approval over health and environmental risks. https://www.turkishminute.com/2026/07/09/turkish-court-cancels-coal-plant-expansion-approval-over-health-and-environmental-risks/

Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye). (2023). Inflation Report 2023-I. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/03a3322c-70d4-43cb-88e3-58a6169a894e/Inflation+Report+2023i.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-03a3322c-70d4-43cb-88e3-58a6169a894e-oruSa7h

Türkiye Today. (2026). Air quality crisis deepens across Türkiye with 5 cities in Europe’s top 10. https://www.turkiyetoday.com/lifestyle/air-quality-crisis-deepens-across-turkiye-with-5-cities-in-europes-top-10-3216936?s=1

UNFCCC. (2026). Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Türkiye 1990-2024. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/TUR_NID_2026.pdf

Upadhyaya, N. (2026). Dispatch from Istanbul: Why Turkey is throwing its weight behind ‘zero waste’ ahead of COP31. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/dispatches/dispatch-from-istanbul-why-turkey-is-throwing-its-weight-behind-zero-waste-ahead-of-cop31/

Wietschel, J. (2025). Towards a climate-neutral and inclusive transport system in Turkey. Agora Energiewende. https://www.agora-verkehrswende.org/publications/towards-a-just-and-climate-neutral-transport-system-in-turkey

World Nuclear News. (2026). Cold hydraulic tests under way at Turkey’s Akkuyu 1. https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/cold-hydraulic-tests-under-way-at-turkeys-akkuyu-1

Yenişafak. (2025, December). Türkiye’s domestic electric car brand Togg outsells Tesla, BYD in home market. Yeni Şafak. https://en.yenisafak.com/turkiye/turkiyes-domestic-electric-car-brand-togg-outsells-tesla-byd-in-home-market-3711719

Yilmaz, E., & Yildirim, E. (2026). Türkiye’s auto sales see electric, hybrid cars dominate in January-July. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-s-auto-sales-see-electric-hybrid-cars-dominate-in-january-july/4019177